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\title{Earth Liberation Front - Wikipedia}
\date{Retrieved on Feb 10, 2023}
\author{Various}
\subtitle{}
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The \textbf{Earth Liberation Front} (\textbf{ELF}), also known as "\textbf{Elves}" or "\textbf{The Elves}",\footnote{Best, Steve; Nocella, Anthony J (2006). \emph{Igniting a revolution}. \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK\_Press}{AK Press}. \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN\_\%28identifier\%29}{ISBN} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904859-56-9}{\emph{1-904859-56-9}}.} is the collective name for \href{https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Autonomy}{autonomous} individuals or \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert\_cells}{covert cells} who, according to the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\_Press\_Office}{ELF Press Office}, use "economic sabotage and \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla\_warfare}{guerrilla warfare} to stop the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation\_of\_natural\_resources}{exploitation} and \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental\_destruction}{destruction of the environment}".
The ELF was founded in \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton}{Brighton} in the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United\_Kingdom}{United Kingdom} in 1992,\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-2}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{c}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-3}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{d}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-4}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{e}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-5}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{f}}}} Best \& Nocella 2006 p. 49.} and spread to the rest of Europe by 1994. The ELF acronym derived from the original ELF guerilla group, the Environmental Life Force, that was founded in 1977 in \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa\_Cruz\%2C\_California}{Santa Cruz, California} by activist John Clark Hanna. The Earth Liberation Front is now an international organization with actions reported in 17 countries\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_p.\_19\%2C\_52\_3-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_p.\_19\%2C\_52\_3-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} Best \& Nocella 2006 p. 19, 52 \& 53.}\footnote{\href{http://www.elfpressoffice.org/actions20062008.html}{Diary of Earth Liberation Actions 2006–2008}}\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-fbi3\_9-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-fbi3\_9-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} Jarboe2002 - Jarboe, James F. (February 12, 2002). \href{https://web.archive.org/web/20040714065542/http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/jarboe021202.htm}{"Congressional Testimony: "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism""}. Archived from \href{https://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/jarboe021202.htm}{the original} on 14 July 2004.}\footnote{\href{https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB982110611254960728}{"The Boy Who Cried 'ELF'"}. \emph{The Wall Street Journal}. 14 February 2001. Retrieved 5 December 2020.} and its members classified as \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-terrorist}{eco-terrorists}.\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-elf\_11-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-elf\_11-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-elf\_11-2}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{c}}}} Brad\_Knickerbocker2006 - Brad Knickerbocker (January 30, 2006). \href{http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0130/p20s01-sten.html}{"Eco-vigilantes: All in 'The Family?"}. \emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The\_Christian\_Science\_Monitor}{The Christian Science Monitor}}. Retrieved December 6, 2016. The recent arrests mark a breakthrough for the FBI in its fight against what it calls "ecoterrorism."<\Slash{}q>}\footnote{Grigoriadis2011" class="citation magazine cs1][Grigoriadis, Vanessa (2011-06-21). \href{https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-eco-radical-underground-245345}{"The Rise and Fall of the Eco-Radical Underground"}. \emph{Rolling Stone}. Retrieved 2021-07-22.} Despite the lack of deaths from ELF attacks, the FBI's deputy assistant director for counterterrorism has said, "I think we're lucky. Once you set one of these fires they can go way out of control."\footnote{\href{http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/05/19/domestic.terrorism/index.html}{"FBI, ATF address domestic terrorism"}, \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN}{CNN}, May 19, 2005.} The name came to public prominence when they were featured on the television show \emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60\_Minutes}{60 Minutes}} in 2005.\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-:0\_14-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-:0\_14-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} Messick2005 - Messick, Graham (2005-11-24). \href{https://web.archive.org/web/20051124013048/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/11/10/60minutes/main1036067.shtml}{"Burning Rage"}. \emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS\_News}{CBS News}}. Archived from \href{http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/11/10/60minutes/main1036067.shtml}{the original} on 24 November 2005. Retrieved 2021-12-27.} The group was further highlighted in the 2011 Academy Award–nominated documentary \emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If\_a\_Tree\_Falls:\_A\_Story\_of\_the\_Earth\_Liberation\_Front}{If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front}}.\footnote{\href{http://www.ifatreefallsfilm.com/film.html}{"The Film"}. www.ifatreefallsfilm.com.}
\chapter{Structure and aims}
Main articles: \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotage}{Ecotage} and \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecodefense}{Ecodefense}
ELF "\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage\#As\_environmental\_action}{monkeywrenching}" is carried out against facilities and companies involved in \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging}{logging}, \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic\_engineering}{genetic engineering}, \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically\_modified\_organism}{GMO crops}, \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation}{deforestation}, \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport\_utility\_vehicle}{sport utility vehicle} (SUV) sales, \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban\_sprawl}{urban sprawl}, \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural\_Cluster\_Developments}{rural cluster} and developments with larger homes, energy production and distribution, and a wide variety of other activities, all charged by the ELF with exploiting the Earth, its environment and inhabitants.\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-tkb1\_16-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-tkb1\_16-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} } This came after the burning of a \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski}{ski} resort in \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vail\%2C\_Colorado}{Vail, Colorado}, on October 19, costing \$12 million.\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-vail\_45-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-vail\_45-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-vail\_45-2}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{c}}}} \href{https://www.fbi.gov/page2/jan06/elf012006.htm}{Eco-Terror Incictments: 'Operation Backfire' Nets 11} \href{https://web.archive.org/web/20100817222138/http://www.fbi.gov/page2/jan06/elf012006.htm}{Archived} 2010-08-17 at the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback\_Machine}{Wayback Machine}, \emph{FBI}, 20 January 2006.} In a communique to the press, the ELF said:\footnote{Rosebraugh2004 - Rosebraugh, Craig (2004). \emph{Bruning Rage of a Dying Planet: Speaking for the Earth Liberation Front}. New York: lantern. p. 60. \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN\_\%28identifier\%29}{ISBN} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59056-064-7}{\emph{1-59056-064-7}}.}
\begin{quote}
\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vail\_Ski\_Resort}{Vail, Inc.} is already the largest ski operation in North America and now wants to expand even further. The 12 miles (19 km) of roads and 885 acres (3.58 km\textsuperscript{2}) of clearcuts will ruin the last, best \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx}{lynx} habitat in the state. Putting profits ahead of Colorado's \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife}{wildlife} will not be tolerated.
\end{quote}
Actions also included sabotaging \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power\_lines}{power lines}, the burning of an \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUV}{SUV} dealership, and the burning down of a logging headquarters causing \$1 million in damages. The Elves wrote to the local paper "Let this be a lesson to all greedy multinational corporations who don't respect their ecosystems,"\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-vail\_45-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-vail\_45-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-vail\_45-2}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{c}}}} \href{https://www.fbi.gov/page2/jan06/elf012006.htm}{Eco-Terror Incictments: 'Operation Backfire' Nets 11} \href{https://web.archive.org/web/20100817222138/http://www.fbi.gov/page2/jan06/elf012006.htm}{Archived} 2010-08-17 at the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback\_Machine}{Wayback Machine}, \emph{FBI}, 20 January 2006.} with most actions taking place in \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon}{Oregon}. The defendants in the case were later charged in the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI}{FBI}'s "\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation\_Backfire\_\%28FBI\%29}{Operation Backfire}", which included 17 acts of property destruction.\footnote{\href{https://portland.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/2006/arson110906.htm}{Defendants plead guilty in Operation Backfire case} \href{https://web.archive.org/web/20070630134735/http://portland.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/2006/arson110906.htm}{Archived} 2007-06-30 at the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback\_Machine}{Wayback Machine}, \emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI}{FBI}}, November 9, 2006.}
The ELF then set fire to \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan\_State\_University}{Michigan State University} on \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New\_Year\%27s\_Eve}{New Year's Eve}, using a gasoline bomb to cause \$1.1 million in damages, because of a program to provide \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMO}{GMO} plants to African farmers. ELF spokesmen claimed \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsanto}{Monsanto} had been a major contributor to funding the program; however, the only funding from Monsanto Corp. was a one-time sum of \$2,000 to send five African students to a conference on biotechnology.\footnote{\href{https://web.archive.org/web/20120326084250/http://special.news.msu.edu/ag\_hall/faq.php?faq}{"Ag Hall \textbar{} Special Reports \textbar{} Michigan State University"}. Special.news.msu.edu. 1992-02-28. Archived from \href{http://special.news.msu.edu/ag\_hall/faq.php?faq}{the original} on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2012-03-21.} The next day, commercial \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging}{logging} equipment was set on fire, with "ELF" and "Go Log in Hell" spraypainted on a truck. In March 2008, four activists were charged for both the arsons.\footnote{\href{http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080311/NEWS06/80311034/1001/NEWS}{4 linked to radical group indicted in MSU arson}, \emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit\_Free\_Press}{Detroit Free Press}}, March 11, 2008.}
\section{2000}
On November 27, in Colorado, the ELF burned the Legend Ridge mansion and sent a message to the \emph{Boulder Weekly} saying "Viva la revolution!" Damages were estimated at \$2.5 million.\footnote{\href{http://www.eskimo.com/\%7Erarnold/elf.htm}{ELF} \href{https://web.archive.org/web/20090218033224/http://www.eskimo.com/\%7Erarnold/elf.htm}{Archived} 2009-02-18 at the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback\_Machine}{Wayback Machine}, \emph{Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise}.}
\section{2001}
In March, a total of thirty \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUV}{SUVs} were torched, belonging to Joe Romania's dealership, in Oregon, with damages estimated at \$1 million. The action was claimed in support of Jeff "Free" Luers, who targeted the very same dealership and was in court for the charges at the time.\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-spl\_51-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-spl\_51-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-spl\_51-2}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{c}}}}
\section{2009}
On March 23, the ELF claimed the burning of an excavator in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. In one of many recent anonymous communiques, the ELF reported to \emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite\_Back}{Bite Back}}; "Maybe we have not collapsed the system of domination with these actions, but it begins with actions like these."\footnote{\href{http://www.directaction.info/news\_mar23\_09.htm}{\emph{Bite Back}}, March 23, 2009}
On September 4, ELF claimed responsibility for using a stolen excavator to overturn two \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM\_radio}{AM} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio\_tower}{radio towers} belonging to the station \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRKO}{KRKO} near \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle\%2C\_Washington}{Seattle, Washington}; they claimed that radio waves are dangerous.\footnote{\href{http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/09/04/washington.towers.terrorism/index.html}{"Activists topple towers, claim dangers of AM radio waves"}. CNN. 2009-09-04.}
A \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas}{Texas} man was arrested after construction workers found a disabled construction vehicle graffitied with the words "ANOTHER TRACTOR DECOMMISSIONED BY THE E.L.F."\footnote{\href{https://web.archive.org/web/20091005014318/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0\%2C2933\%2C559201\%2C00.html}{"Texas Man in Custody on Federal Arson Charges With Possible Eco-Terrorism Link"}. \emph{Fox News}. October 2, 2009. Archived from \href{http://www.foxnews.com/story/0\%2C2933\%2C559201\%2C00.html}{the original} on October 5, 2009. Retrieved October 5, 2009.}
\section{Other movements}
\subsection{**ELA and Environmental Rangers **}
Further information: \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Army}{Earth Liberation Army}
The first major report of a name other than ELF being used to claim ecotage was in October 1998, when the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Army}{Earth Liberation Army} (ELA) claimed to be responsible for causing \$12 million in damages to \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vail\_Ski\_Resort}{Vail Ski Resort} by setting fire to several buildings and four chairlifts.\footnote{Paige2008 - Paige, Sean (2008-09-25). \href{https://web.archive.org/web/20080925184013/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\_m1571/is\_36\_15/ai\_56063251}{"waste \& abuse"}. \emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback\_Machine}{Wayback Machine}}. Archived from \href{http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\_m1571/is\_36\_15/ai\_56063251}{the original} on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 2021-12-27.}
Two years later, in \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon}{Oregon}, three \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUV}{SUVs} were destroyed by placing jugs of gasoline under the vehicles, with the ELA calling for others to "[c]ontinue the fight to remove the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit\_motive}{profit motive} from the killing of the environment (biophysical)." \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff\_Luers}{Jeff Luers} was later convicted of arson, as part of the Operation Backfire case, along with other ALF and ELF defendants.\footnote{\href{http://www.freedom4um.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=69570}{Resentencing date set for Jeff Luers}, \emph{Freedom4um}, 29 December 2007.} There have also been other groups that have caused similar damage as the ELF, within 2001 reports that "eco-terrorist" attacks, known as "\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotage}{ecotage}", had increased. These included the ELF, the ELA, and another name being used – the "Environmental Rangers" who use similar tactics.\footnote{\href{http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/1101/1101ecoterrorist.htm}{The eco-terrorist anthrax connection}, \emph{ESR}, October 21, 2001.} Activists have also used the names "The Moles", "The Grey Wolves", "Westcountry Wildlife Cell", "Eco-Animal Defense Unit", and "Radical Brigades for Ecological Defence", as well as others.\footnote{Best \& Nocella 2006 p. 52-56.}
\subsection{**Environmental Life Force **}
Main article: \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental\_Life\_Force}{Environmental Life Force}
The \emph{Environmental Life Force}, also known as the \emph{Original ELF}, was the first radical group to use explosive and \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiary\_device}{incendiary devices} to promote pro-environment causes. It was founded by John Hanna, who was the only member of the group to be arrested and convicted for the use of explosives on federal property.\footnote{\href{https://web.archive.org/web/20120415040756/http://www.originalelf.org}{"Original ELF"}. Original ELF. Archived from \href{http://www.originalelf.org}{the original} on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-21.}The recent arrests mark a breakthrough for the FBI in its fight against what it calls "ecoterrorism."<\Slash{}q>} Despite this, it has acknowledged in written communications that \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave\_Foreman}{Dave Foreman}, who founded \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_First\%21}{Earth First!} three years after the original ELF, was in communication with Hanna in the mid-1980s, before the Earth Liberation Front was founded, which was after Foreman cut ties with the Earth First! movement.\footnote{\href{http://www.originalelf.com/elf\_archives.htm}{ELF Archives}, \emph{Original ELF}.}
\chapter{Police response and convictions}
\section{First ELF arrest}
Further information: \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Prisoners\_Support\_Network}{Earth Liberation Prisoners Support Network}
In 1994, Dutch authorities and police made claims that British ELF activists were traveling abroad to cause sabotage, which was disputed by ELF. Later that year the first Earth Liberation Prisoner (ELP) was caught and later charged. Known as Paul S., he was arrested and accused of carrying out an 18-month campaign of vandalism in the Netherlands against road construction sites. The Dutch government attempted to declare him insane, because of his inability to provide a political reason for his actions, other than his care for the environment. This was unsuccessful and the prisoner was sentenced to three years for damaging property.\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_p.\_19\%2C\_52\_3-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_p.\_19\%2C\_52\_3-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} Best \& Nocella 2006 p. 19, 52 \& 53.}
\section{British police raids}
Due to the increased popularity of the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical\_environmentalism}{environmental movement}, as well as the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal\_liberation\_movement}{animal liberation movement} and estimates that five ALF actions occurred per day, police carried out a series of raids against \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal\_rights}{animal rights} and environmental activists. In total, there were 55 homes raided against suspected ALF and ELF activists, including an individual in Italy. The police had not managed to charge anyone with any illegal activities, until on January 16, 1996, when six men were charged for a five-year ALF\Slash{}ELF campaign. They were sentenced a year later each to three years for conspiracy to incite violence in the name of animal and earth liberation.\footnote{Best \& Nocella 2006 p. 52 \& 53}
\section{Operation Backfire}
\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel\_G.\_McGowan}{Daniel G. McGowan} was charged for two counts of \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson}{arson} and \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy\_\%28crime\%29}{conspiracy} in the FBI's "Operation Backfire". He pleaded guilty to avoid a life sentence, without testifying against his co-defendants, some of whom had done so against him.
The term \emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green\_Scare}{Green Scare}}, alluding to the \emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red\_Scare}{Red Scares}}, periods of fear over communist infiltration of U.S. society, is a term popularized by environmental activists to refer to legal action by the U.S. government against the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical\_environmentalism}{radical environmentalist} movement.
It is first known to have appeared in 2002 in the wake of the February 12 congressional hearings titled "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism" which discussed groups including the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal\_Liberation\_Front}{Animal Liberation Front} (ALF).\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-fbi3\_9-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-fbi3\_9-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} Jarboe2002 - Jarboe, James F. (February 12, 2002). \href{https://web.archive.org/web/20040714065542/http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/jarboe021202.htm}{"Congressional Testimony: "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism""}. Archived from \href{https://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/jarboe021202.htm}{the original} on 14 July 2004.} In late 2005 and early 2006, as part of \emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation\_Backfire\_\%28FBI\%29}{Operation Backfire}}, US \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand\_jury}{grand juries} indicted a total of 18 activists on a range of charges related to "violent acts in the name of animal rights and environmental causes".\footnote{\href{https://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/speeches/mueller012006.htm}{Operation Backfire Press Conference} \href{https://web.archive.org/web/20100409123308/https://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/speeches/mueller012006.htm}{Archived} April 9, 2010, at the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback\_Machine}{Wayback Machine}, \emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI}{FBI}}, January 20, 2006.} According to the FBI, many of these acts were carried out on behalf of the ELF\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-vail\_45-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-vail\_45-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-vail\_45-2}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{c}}}} \href{https://www.fbi.gov/page2/jan06/elf012006.htm}{Eco-Terror Incictments: 'Operation Backfire' Nets 11} \href{https://web.archive.org/web/20100817222138/http://www.fbi.gov/page2/jan06/elf012006.htm}{Archived} 2010-08-17 at the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback\_Machine}{Wayback Machine}, \emph{FBI}, 20 January 2006.} and was considered as one of the largest arrests of environmental activists in American history.\footnote{\href{https://web.archive.org/web/20061214010409/http://ff.org/centers/csspp/library/co2weekly/20060119/20060119\_06.html}{"Extremist Environmentalists Indicted"}. ff.org. Archived from \href{http://ff.org/centers/csspp/library/co2weekly/20060119/20060119\_06.html}{the original} on 2006-12-14.}
The operation resulted in the arrest of \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea\_Dawn\_Gerlach}{Chelsea Dawn Gerlach}, \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William\_C.\_Rodgers}{William C. Rodgers}, and \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel\_G.\_McGowan}{Daniel McGowan}.\footnote{\href{https://web.archive.org/web/20090217064234/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/07/23/america/NA-FEA-GEN-US-Radical-Environmentalists.php}{"Prison sentences symbolize decline of radical environmentalist movement"}. \emph{International Herald Tribune}. 2007-07-22. Archived from \href{http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/07/23/america/NA-FEA-GEN-US-Radical-Environmentalists.php}{the original} on 2009-02-17. Retrieved 2021-12-27.}
In 2008, the FBI increased the reward for handing over four suspects to \$50,000. The four, two Americans and two Canadians, are believed to have fled the U.S. through Mexico and are possibly hiding in Syria, Russia, China or India. The announcement of an increased manhunt came on the tenth anniversary of the bombing in Vail.\footnote{\href{http://www.foxnews.com/video2/video08.html?maven\_referralObject=3208649\&maven\_referralPlaylistId=\&sRevUrl=http://www.foxnews.com/us}{"foxnews.com"}. foxnews.com. 2011-05-03. Retrieved 2012-03-21.}
A 2011 \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR}{NPR} report claimed some of the people associated with this group were imprisoned in a highly restrictive \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication\_management\_unit}{Communication management unit}.\footnote{\href{https://www.npr.org/2011/03/03/134227726/data-graphics-population-of-the-communications-management-units}{Data \& Graphics: Population Of The Communications Management Units}, Margot Williams and Alyson Hurt, \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR}{NPR}, 3-3-11, retrieved 2011 03 04 from npr.org}
\chapter{Cooperation with the ALF}
Main articles: \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal\_Liberation\_Front}{Animal Liberation Front} and \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal\_liberation\_movement}{Animal liberation movement}
\section{Philosophy}
Further information: \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_liberation}{Earth liberation}, \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal\_liberation\_movement}{Animal liberation movement}, \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocentrism}{Ecocentrism}, \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocentrism\_\%28ethics\%29}{Biocentrism (ethics)}, and \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep\_ecology}{Deep ecology}
\begin{quote}
The name \emph{"Animal \& Earth Liberation Front"} or \emph{"Earth \& Animal Liberation Front"} (ALF and ELF, respectively) is commonly used when undertaking an \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal\_liberation\_movement}{animal liberation} action, that is inclusively an environmental issue. Or alternatively an ELF action that includes in some way liberating or rescuing animals; for example actions to protect the forests.\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-2}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{c}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-3}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{d}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-4}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{e}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-5}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{f}}}} Best \& Nocella 2006 p. 49.}\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-sdi1\_6-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-sdi1\_6-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-sdi1\_6-2}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{c}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-sdi1\_6-3}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{d}}}} \href{http://sandiego.indymedia.org/en/2003/01/3707.shtml}{Updates from the Frontlines: ALF and ELF} \href{https://web.archive.org/web/20090116015813/http://sandiego.indymedia.org/en/2003/01/3707.shtml}{Archived} 2009-01-16 at the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback\_Machine}{Wayback Machine}, \emph{San Diego \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indymedia}{Indymedia}}, January 10, 2003.} Both names are also used by radical activists when engaging in direct action to liberate animals \emph{and} defend the earth by using property destruction. This is done within the guidelines of the Animal\Slash{}Earth Liberation Front; to claim the action by both groups.\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_56\_36-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_56\_36-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_56\_36-2}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{c}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_56\_36-3}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{d}}}} Best \& Nocella 2006 p. 56.}\footnote{\href{http://archives.foodsafety.ksu.edu/animalnet/2001/6-2001/an-06-13-01-02.txt}{Archives} \href{https://web.archive.org/web/20070917233931/http://archives.foodsafety.ksu.edu/animalnet/2001/6-2001/an-06-13-01-02.txt}{Archived} 2007-09-17 at the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback\_Machine}{Wayback Machine}, \emph{Food Safety}, June 13, 2001.}
\end{quote}
\begin{itemize}
\item\relax
Radical environmentalists consider the ELF to be the environmental wing of the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal\_Liberation\_Front}{Animal Liberation Front}, effectively acting as the \emph{Eco-ALF}.\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_50\_\&\_51\_26-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_50\_\&\_51\_26-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} Best \& Nocella 2006 p. 50 \& 51.} Evidence of this include names used such as the \emph{"Westcountry Wildlife Cell"} and then later \emph{"ALF: Eco-Animal Defense Unit"}.\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_56\_36-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_56\_36-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_56\_36-2}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{c}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_56\_36-3}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{d}}}} Best \& Nocella 2006 p. 56.}
\item\relax
The ELF is also considered to be the ALF's younger sister,\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-sdi1\_6-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-sdi1\_6-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-sdi1\_6-2}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{c}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-sdi1\_6-3}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{d}}}} \href{http://sandiego.indymedia.org/en/2003/01/3707.shtml}{Updates from the Frontlines: ALF and ELF} \href{https://web.archive.org/web/20090116015813/http://sandiego.indymedia.org/en/2003/01/3707.shtml}{Archived} 2009-01-16 at the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback\_Machine}{Wayback Machine}, \emph{San Diego \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indymedia}{Indymedia}}, January 10, 2003.} forming 16 years later and due to the fact that the guidelines, as well as the name itself, were derived from the movement.\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-2}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{c}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-3}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{d}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-4}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{e}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-5}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{f}}}} Best \& Nocella 2006 p. 49.}
\item\relax
Despite the movements only forming alliances in 1996\Slash{}1997, activists such as \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod\_Coronado}{Rod Coronado} were known to be active in both the ALF and ELF dating back before the names were officially used together.\footnote{Toni Bartone. \href{http://www.thomasmertoncenter.org/The\_New\_People/February2004/totalliberation.htm}{Total Liberation in Erie} \href{https://web.archive.org/web/20080708190414/http://www.thomasmertoncenter.org/The\_New\_People/February2004/totalliberation.htm}{Archived} 2008-07-08 at the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback\_Machine}{Wayback Machine}, \emph{Thomas Merton Center}.}
\end{itemize}
Noel Molland, a former ELF activist, writes in \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven\_Best}{Steven Best}'s \emph{Igniting a Revolution} that:\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-2}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{c}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-3}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{d}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-4}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{e}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_49\_2-5}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{f}}}} Best \& Nocella 2006 p. 49.}
\begin{quote}
The founders of the ELF wanted radical environmentalists to work on the same basis and have a similar name, hoping that people would instantly understand how the ELF operated and what its goals were.
\end{quote}
\section{History}
Main article: \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline\_of\_Animal\_Liberation\_Front\_actions}{Timeline of Animal Liberation Front actions}
During the mid-1990s, the \emph{Western Wildlife Unit}, an ELF branch in Britain, was responsible for various acts of \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal\_rights}{animal rights} themed violence. The vandalism included spiking trees as well as targeting anglers. However, it wasn't until sometime later, in the United States, that a joint claim of responsibility was made.
Molland also writes that the first established ALF and ELF action was established on March 14, 1997, when the "\emph{ Animal Liberation Front – Eco-Animal Defense Unit}" claimed the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree\_spiking}{spiking} of 47 trees in a clearcut area, Oregon. This was only a few months after the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur\_farm}{fur farm} had been raided by the Great Lakes ELF, which also highlighted the overlap in direct action for \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal\_rights}{animal rights} and \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism}{environmentalism}.\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_56\_36-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_56\_36-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_56\_36-2}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{c}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-Best\_\&\_Nocella\_2006\_p.\_56\_36-3}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{d}}}} Best \& Nocella 2006 p. 56.} The group intended to state that the farm they had raided was a joint effort between members of the Animal and Earth Liberation Front.
Five days later, the "\emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay\_Area}{Bay Area} Cell of the Earth and Animal Liberation Front}" claimed the firebombing of the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University\_of\_California}{University of California}, an \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal\_research}{animal research} laboratory that was still under construction at the time.\footnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-spl\_51-0}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{a}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-spl\_51-1}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{b}}}} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth\_Liberation\_Front\#cite\_ref-spl\_51-2}{\textsuperscript{\emph{\textbf{c}}}} The recent arrests mark a breakthrough for the FBI in its fight against what it calls "ecoterrorism."<\Slash{}q>} Representative \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott\_McInnis}{Scott McInnis}, then chairman of the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United\_States\_House\_of\_Representatives}{US House} Subcommittee on Forests and Forest Health, subpoenaed Craig Rosebraugh in an effort to investigate the ELF's activities. On hearing Rosebraugh's testimony, McInnis suggested it was "luck" no one has been killed by an ELF (or ALF) attack.\footnote{\href{http://www.stopecoviolence.com/pdfs/2\_12\_02.pdf}{Stop Eco-Violence} \href{https://web.archive.org/web/20030406032308/http://www.stopecoviolence.com/pdfs/2\_12\_02.pdf}{Archived} 2003-04-06 at the \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback\_Machine}{Wayback Machine}, \emph{Stop Eco-Violence}, February 12, 2002.}
Despite the leaderless nature of the movement, the FBI says that activist \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod\_Coronado}{Rod Coronado} is "a national leader" of the ELF in the US, while Coronado describes himself as an "unofficial ELF spokesman".\footnote{\href{http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c\_id=2\&ObjectID=10370129}{Paul Watson: Assault on the foundations of freedom}, \emph{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New\_Zealand\_Herald}{New Zealand Herald}}, February 27, 2006.}
\chapter{See also}
\begin{itemize}
\item\relax
\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism}{Anarcho-primitivism}
\item\relax
\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal\_Liberation\_Front}{Animal Liberation Front}
\item\relax
\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecopedagogy}{Ecopedagogy}
\item\relax
\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green\_anarchism}{Green anarchism}
\item\relax
\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green\_syndicalism}{Green syndicalism}
\item\relax
\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_animal\_rights\_groups}{List of animal rights groups}
\item\relax
\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If\_a\_Tree\_Falls:\_A\_Story\_of\_the\_Earth\_Liberation\_Front}{If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front}
\item\relax
\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance:\_Journal\_of\_the\_Earth\_Liberation\_Movement}{Resistance: Journal of the Earth Liberation Movement}
\item\relax
\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewilding\_\%28anarchism\%29}{Rewilding}
\item\relax
\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University\_of\_Washington\_firebombing\_incident}{University of Washington firebombing incident}
\end{itemize}
\chapter{References}
\chapter{Further reading}
\begin{itemize}
\item\relax
\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie\_James\_Pickering}{Pickering, Leslie} (2006). \emph{Earth Liberation Front: 1997–2002}. Arissa Media Group. \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN\_\%28identifier\%29}{ISBN} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9742884-0-3}{\emph{0-9742884-0-3}}.
\item\relax
\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig\_Rosebraugh}{Rosebraugh, Craig} (2004). \emph{Burning Rage of a Dying Planet: Speaking for the Earth Liberation Front}. \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantern\_Books}{Lantern Books}. \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN\_\%28identifier\%29}{ISBN} \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59056-064-7}{1-59056-064-7}.
\item\relax
\href{http://www.infoshop.org/amp/bgp/BlackBlockPapers2.pdf}{\emph{The Black Bloc Papers: An Anthology of Primary Texts From The North American Anarchist Black Bloc 1988–2005}}, by Xavier Massot \& David Van Deusen of the Green Mountain Anarchist Collective (NEFAC-VT), Breaking Glass Press, 2010.
\end{itemize}
\chapter{External links}
\begin{itemize}
\item\relax
\href{http://www.originalelf.com/earthlib.htm}{Earth Liberation Front}
\item\relax
\href{http://www.originalelf.com}{Original ELF}
\item\relax
\href{http://www.ecoprisoners.org}{North American Earth Liberation Prisoners Support Network}
\item\relax
\href{http://www.democracynow.org/2011/6/21/if\_a\_tree\_falls\_new\_documentary}{\emph{If a Tree Falls:} Documentary on ELF (2011)} — video report by \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy\_Now\%21}{Democracy Now!}
\item\relax
\href{https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2287874}{\emph{Igniting the Revolution:} An Introduction to the Earth Liberation Front (2001)} — documentary film on \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb}{IMDb}
\item\relax
\href{https://archive.org/details/EarthLiberationFront}{FBI file on the Earth Liberation Front}
\item\relax
\href{https://web.archive.org/web/20100817222138/http://www.fbi.gov/page2/jan06/elf012006.htm}{Eco-Terror Indictments: 'Operation Backfire' Nets 11}, \emph{FBI}
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A critique of his ideas \& actions.
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Earth Liberation Front - Wikipedia
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