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\title{Struggles for Autonomy in Kurdistan}
\date{13 July 2016}
\author{Eliza Egret \& Tom Anderson}
\subtitle{}






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\section{Contents}


Acknowledgements


Introduction


Glossary of terms and acronyms


Part 1: A briefhistory ofKurdish struggles


Introduction


Bakur


Başûr


Rojava


Rojhilat


Part 2: An introduction to democratic confederalism in Kurdistan


Introduction


From Marxist-Leninism to democratic confederalism


A diagram ofdemocratic autonomy in Bakur


Democratic confederalism in practice in Bakur


Democratic confederalism in practice in Rojava


A diagram ofdemocratic confederalism in Rojava


A call for critical solidarity


Part 3: Democratic autonomy in Bakur


An interview with the Democratic Society Congress (DTK)


A conversation with the Wan Economic Commission


Workers' co-ops in the Wan region


An interview with the Women's Academy in Amed


Part 4: Democratic confederalism in Rojava


A conversation with TEV-DEM's Bedran Gia Kurd


A very serious women's revolution


A conversation with Kongreya Star


A meeting with Kobanê's Democratic Youth Union


Meeting the politicians


Part 5: Voices from the struggles for freedom in Bakur


Turkey's bloodiest massacre \& displacement ofthe Kurds since the 1990s is happening now 82


The struggle for autonomy in Farqîn


The struggle for autonomy in Cizîr


Living with Turkish militarism in Bakur


LGBT struggles in Bakur


Women on the frontlines ofKurdish struggles: an interview with JINHA 106


The Roboski massacre: An interview with Servet Encu, a survivor


They stole my childhood: The trauma ofbeing a Kurdish child in the 1990s


From fascist to anti-militarist: An interview with a Turkish ex-soldier


Imprisoned for singing in Kurdish: support Nûdem Durak


Interviews with Kurdish political prisoners


There is no justice in Turkey for Kurds: The imprisonment ofKurdish mayors 142


These people were killed\dots{}their killers are free: A meeting with Meya-der in Cizîr 145


Popular struggle against Turkish military bases in Bakur


Building autonomy in Turkey and Kurdistan: an interview with Revolutionary Anarchist Action 150


Part 6: Ecological struggles in Bakur


Save Hasankeyf, stop the Ilısu dam


An interview with Batman Ecology Assembly


Wan Economic Commission speak about ecology


Part 7: The struggle against Daesh


Rebuilding Kobanê


The Rojava revolution and the Islamic State: A clash ofideologies


Part 8: Companies complicit in repression in Kurdistan


Arms companies


A company profile: Otokar


A company profile: Aselsan


In brief: more Turkish arms companies


International arms company profile: Lockheed Martin


International arms company profile: BAE Systems


In brief: International arms companies supplying the Turkish military 208


Arms companies supplying the Turkish police


Companies complicit in ecological destruction in Kurdistan


Companies involved in dams: Andritz


Other companies involved in dams


Mining companies


Fracking


Tourism


A company profile: Turkish Airlines


Part 9: Act in solidarity with the people ofKurdistan


Solidarity with prisoners


Solidarity with Kobanê


Other ways to act in solidarity


Links

\section{acknowledgements}


We'd like to thank everyone who gave us their time during our various visits to Kurdistan.


We're particularly grateful to everyone that we interviewed, many ofwhom shared very personal and harrowing accounts oftheir lives in the hope that we would tell the world about their struggles for existence. We are also thankful to all ofour translators, without whom we couldn't have published any ofour work.


We're extremely grateful to our friend Ercan Ayboğa for being incredibly helpful, for sharing his knowledge, giving advice and for answering our hundreds ofquestions! Ercan's book, Revolution in Rojava, written with Anja Flach and Michael Knapp, will be published in English in summer 2016.


A big thanks to our comrades Zaher Baher and Joris Leverink, who imparted their wisdom, helped us with contacts and shared their opinions with us.


Thanks so much to Meral and Yannis in Roboski and to our friends in Farqîn for their kindness and hospitality, and to Onur Erem in Istanbul for his extensive knowledge and the time that he gave us.


We are grateful to Janet Biehl, Michael Knapp and Nick Hildyard for their help and advice.


Thank you to Antony and Peter from Brighton Kurdish Solidarity for travelling with us in Rojava, and for giving us permission to use photos and publish the interviews that we carried out together. Another big thanks to Antony for providing us with his article on Rojava in the wider context ofSyria, and to Jo Magpie for her article on the women's revolution in Rojava. We are grateful to activist and writer Ali Kanea for her input and photographs ofRojava.


Thank you, also, to our Kurdish friends in Brighton and London, and to the organisations Peace in Kurdistan, Kurdistan National Congress (KNK) and Campaign Against Arms Trade for giving us contacts and for supporting our work. We are also grateful to our activist friends at Brighton Kurdish Solidarity for their support.


You can find links to the work ofmany ofthese people and organisations at the end ofthis book.


This book benefited from the editing and support given by everyone at the Corporate Watch co-operative. The responsibility for our opinions, as well as any omissions and mistakes, are entirely our own.

\section{INTRODUCTION}


During 2015, we made various visits to Bakur, and one trip to Rojava, and carried out interviews with people involved in social movements in the region. We wanted to better understand how anti-capitalists can stand in solidarity with people struggling against repression by the Turkish state and Daesh. We also wanted to learn about the liberatory grassroots movements taking place, and how the struggles in Rojava and Bakur are related to each other.


We had both visited Bakur (the region ofKurdistan within Turkey's borders) a few times in previous years. Although some people have been working hard to build a Kurdistan solidarity movement for a long time, we were concerned that there was still a lack ofawareness about the struggles for autonomy in Kurdistan amongst European activists. We were also aware that, although the victory ofthe People's Protection Units over Daesh was celebrated, the oppression ofpeople inside Turkey's borders was far less understood. As one activist from Bakur told us:


“Kurdish people have been in struggle for a long time. We have a long rebellion against capitalism and the state but unfortunately in Europe they don’t know Kurdish struggles like they do the Palestinian or Zapatista struggles. We need the democratic, socialist, anarchist and autonomist people to cooperate with Kurdish people against the colonialist, imperialist and fascist powers.”


In Bakur - the part ofKurdistan within Turkey's borders - we carried out interviews with people whose lives have been affected by Turkey's attacks on its Kurdish population; about their experiences ofTurkey's prison system and about what its like to grow up with Turkish militarism. We also interviewed people about the movements to change society in Bakur, which are rapidly gathering momentum. We tried to gain an understanding ofthe movement for democratic autonomy, ecological struggles, the setting up oflocal assemblies and co- operatives and the radical women's movements.


In Rojava - the majority-Kurdish autonomous region in northern Syria - we spoke to people about the blockade imposed on the borders by the governments ofTurkey and Iraqi Kurdistan, and about the need for solidarity with the reconstruction ofthe city ofKobanê after the siege by Daesh. We also interviewed people involved in local communes, women's groups and Rojava's Democratic Autonomous Administration about life in the autonomous region. We hope that the interviews, which provide a briefglimpse ofone moment in a rapidly changing context, will help people outside ofRojava to understand these movements.


Over the last year we have been publishing interviews, as well as articles giving an overview of the situation, through Corporate Watch and the Kurdish Solidarity Network. This book


compiles these interviews and articles, together with previously unpublished material and information on the companies profiting from ecological devastation and Turkish militarism in Kurdistan.


At the start ofthe book, we summarise the history ofKurdistan since the collapse ofthe Ottoman Empire and give a critical introduction to the ideology ofdemocratic confederalism. We have then divided up our interviews and articles into:


- The movements for democratic confederalism in Bakur and Rojava;


- Voices from the struggles for freedom in Bakur, a compilation ofour interviews about the repression ofKurdish people by Turkish state forces;


- Ecological struggles in Kurdistan;


- The struggle against Daesh.


Then in the latter part ofthis book we profile the Turkish and international arms companies making a killing from Turkey's war against the Kurds. We also critically examine the companies causing massive ecological destruction in Bakur. We then profile Turkish Airlines, a partly state-owned company that has been the target ofprotest by Kurdish movements.


Many ofour interviewees called for international activists to join them in taking action against these companies.


Finally, we look at the different ways that people outside ofthe region can act in solidarity with the struggles for autonomy in Kurdistan.


We realise that it can be problematic to write a book like this as two European, non-Kurdish activists who can speak no Kurmanji and who have mediocre Turkish and Arabic skills.


However, the people that we met in Bakur asked us to speak out about Turkey's repression of Kurdish people. "Ifyou have a voice, please use it," people told us. Similarly, those that we met in Rojava also urged us to speak out about the siege on their borders. We hope that we have achieved this.


We also believe that it is important to broaden awareness and create understanding ofthe emerging social movements in Kurdistan, and help to build international solidarity. We think that anti-capitalist movements have a lot to learn from people's experiences in Rojava and Bakur. In our writing, we hope that we have succeeded in giving more priority to the voices of the people that we interviewed than our own.


Since our last visit to Bakur, a number ofour Kurdish and Turkish friends have been arrested and are being prosecuted by the state ofTurkey. We write this book in solidarity with our friends and with all political activists and writers who are being imprisoned in Turkey.


Eliza Egret and Tom Anderson

\section{GLOSSARYOF TERMS AND ACRONYMS}


Kurdistan is currently split between four countries:


BAKUR: Meaning 'North' in Kurmanji Kurdish, Bakur is the region ofnorth Kurdistan within Turkey.


.


ROJAVA: Meaning 'West' in Kurmanji, Rojava is the region ofKurdistan in northern Syria. It is also the name given to the autonomous administration which declared autonomy from the Assad regime in 2012. Rojava is divided into the three cantons of Cizîrê, Kobanê and Efrîn, which are organised based on the theory ofdemocratic confederalism.


BAŞÛR: Meaning 'South' in Kurmanji, Başûr is the region ofsouth Kurdistan that is in Iraq. It is also a term used when referring to the autonomous region ofIraqi Kurdistan.


ROJHILAT: Meaning 'East' in Kurmanji, Rojhilat is the region ofKurdistan which lies within the borders ofIran.


We will use the terms Bakur, Rojava, Rojhilat and Başûr throughout this book to describe the dif erent parts ofKurdistan.


The terms 'Kurdish' and 'Kurdistan'


There have been some conversations amongst activists as to whether it is correct to use the terms 'Kurdish' and 'Kurdistan' when talking about the struggles for autonomy in the region. This is because many Kurdish people themselves do not want their own state ofKurdistan, and because the revolution that has taken place in Rojava is not just Kurdish. We acknowledge that the struggles for autonomy are not only Kurdish struggles and that the movements in Rojava, and increasingly in Bakur, have diverse ethnicities involved.


However, we have chosen to use the word 'Kurdistan' to refer to the geographical region which is inhabited mostly by Kurdish people. For too many years, Kurdish people have had their identity denied, and the words 'Kurdish' and 'Kurdistan' were banned. To many people, this is very much a Kurdish struggle because they are oppressed solely for being Kurdish, so we see nothing wrong with helping to reclaim these words. As you will see from many ofour interviews, the people that we spoke to constantly used these terms.


ABDULLAH ÖCALAN ( known as APO): Founder and leader ofthe PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party). He has been imprisoned by Turkey since 1999. Öcalan coined the term 'democratic confederalism', influenced by US social ecologist Murray Bookchin.


DEMOCRATIC AUTONOMY and DEMOCRATIC CONFEDERALISM:


In the writings ofAbdullah Öcalan, democratic autonomy is achieved when people organise themselves through networks ofgrassroots assemblies. Democratic confederalism is where these assemblies network with each other across regions in a federation. Öcalan's writings on democratic confederalism emphasise women's liberation, selfdefence and ecology.


AKP: The ruling Justice and Development Party in Turkey, responsible for waging the latest war on its Kurdish population, using extreme violence and killing hundreds.


AL-NUSRA FRONT (JABHAT AL-NUSRA):


Sunni-Islamist militia, sometimes called Al Qaeda in Syria.


AL-QAEDA: Militant Sunni-Islamists. Al- Qaeda has affiliated groups in the Middle East and northern Africa. Founded by Osama bin Laden in 1988.


ARAB SPRING: In 2011, uprisings against authoritarianism broke out, spreading from Tunisia to Egypt, Syria, Libya, Bahrain, Yemen and further afield. The uprisings led to the ousting ofrulers in Tunisia, Egypt and Yemen and marked the start of protracted conflicts all over the Middle East. These Middle Eastern and north African uprisings are often known as the Arab Spring.


ASAYIȘ: Security force in Rojava. ATATÜRK (MUSTAFA KEMAL): Turkish


army officer and first President ofthe


Republic ofTurkey. Mustafa Kemal is often known by the honorific name 'Atatürk' or 'Father ofthe Turks'. (See KEMALISM.)


BA'ATHISM: Ba'athism is an authoritarian pan-Arabist nationalist political ideology that seeks the creation ofa unified Arab state. Ba'ath parties have taken power in Syria and Iraq, although they have been more concerned with regional considerations than pan-Arabism. In 1963, a coup led to the establishment ofBa'ath rule in Syria. From 1970, the Assad family has ruled Ba'athist Syria. In 1968, the Iraqi Ba'ath party took power in Iraq. Saddam Hussein took control ofthe party in 1979.


CHP: Republican People's Party. Founded by Mustafa Kemal in 1919, the CHP presided over a one party system in Turkey and suppressed the formation ofnew political parties until 1945. They are now the second biggest party in Turkish parliament.


CIZÎRÊ: A canton in the east ofthe autonomous region ofRojava.


CUP: Committee ofUnion and Progress. The political party set up by the Young Turks in 1908.


DAESH: The Islamic State ofIraq and the Levant (ISIL), also known as the Islamic State (IS), or the Islamic State ofIraq and Syria (ISIS). In this book we have used the Arabic acronym, Daesh, which is widely used in the Middle East by its opponents. A militant Sunni-Islamist group, Daesh are currently in control oflarge areas ofIraq and Syria and are at war with the autonomous region ofRojava.


DBP: Democratic Regions Party. A Kurdish political party in Bakur, Turkey. The DBP is a sister party to the HDP, focusing on the local level and supporting democratic confederalism.


DEEP STATE\Slash{}GUARDIAN STATE: The


deep state' or 'guardian state' is a name given to influential nationalist elite groups within the Turkish military, security and intelligence agencies which act together to create divisions and manipulate Turkish society. This manipulation has served as a justification for direct military intervention in the form ofthe coups of1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997. The deep state has often incited violence and used extreme violence, either through state security forces such as JİTEM or through proxies such as the village guards. This violence is justified, according to historian Kerem Öktem, "by the ends of saving the state, which is often just a euphemism for the perpetuation ofpower." Beginning in 2008, the Ergenekon trials were a series of trials ofmilitary officers accused ofa secularist plot against the AKP government. The trials were an opportunity for the AKP to try to consolidate its power vis-a-vis Turkey's guardian state.


DTK: Democratic Society Congress.


Umbrella organisation aiming to achieve democratic autonomy in Bakur.


EFRÎN: A canton in the west ofthe autonomous region ofRojava.


FREE WOMEN'S CONGRESS (KJA):


Umbrella women's organisation in Bakur, comprising ofrepresentatives ofpolitical parties, co-operatives and trade unions.


GÜLEN MOVEMENT: An international Islamic religious movement led by Fethullah Gülen. The movement has a network of associated religious schools and companies. Gülenists were originally supportive ofthe AKP, but relations have soured. In 2013, the Gülen movement was widely believed to have instigated a corruption investigation into the AKP. In response, the AKP has instigated raids ofcompanies and arrests of journalists linked to the movement. Gülen- linked newspaper Zaman was raided in 2016 and forcibly taken over by a state-appointed trusteeship.


HDP: People's Democratic Party, a pro- Kurdish, left-wing political party in Turkey, which gained seats in parliament in June 2015. The HDP places emphasis on the rights ofall ethnicities and religions as well as gender equality and LGBT rights. The HDP's co-Presidents are Figen Yüksekdağ and Selahattin Demirtaș.


JINEOLOJÎ: Meaning 'Women's Science', Öcalan emphasises the need for a women's social science to challenge patriarchy.


KCK: Group ofCommunities in Kurdistan. An umbrella organisation which was established in 2007, replacing the KKK. Its


role is to put the ideas ofdemocratic confederalism into practice in all four parts of Kurdistan.


KDP: Kurdistan Democratic Party in Başûr, led by Massoud Barzani. It is one ofthe ruling parties in the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Başûr (Iraqi Kurdistan). The KDP's power base is in the Hewlêr (Erbil) region ofBaşûr.


KEMALISM: Authoritarian Turkish nationalist ideology associated with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk based on a split from the traditions and culture ofthe Ottoman Empire. Kemalism espoused ethnic Turkish nationalism and a tightly state-controlled Sunni Islam. Kemal violently repressed non-Turkish people and non-Sunni religions within Turkey.


KOBANÊ (or KOBANÎ): A canton in Rojava. The city ofKobanê was almost completely destroyed after Daesh attacked in 2014.


KONGREYA STAR (also known as YEKÎTIYA STAR): Women's union in Rojava, focusing on the empowerment of women in society, organising women's communes, selfdefence and establishing academies for learning.


KRG: Kurdistan Regional Government formed in 1992 and the official ruling body ofBaşûr (Iraqi Kurdistan). The power is shared by Massoud Barzani's KDP and Jalal Talabani's PUK. Factions ofthe KRG are aligned to the western powers, as well as Israel, Iran and Turkey.


KURDISH HEZBOLLAH (KH): Means 'party


ofgod'. A Kurdish Sunni Islamist group in


Bakur that is carrying out increasing numbers ofattacks on the HDP, PKK and the communities that support them. The group is unconnected to the Lebanese Hezbollah. In the 1990s KH was in direct conflict with the PKK, killing hundreds of its members. Many journalists have examined the historic links between KH and the Turkish state and a retired colonel in the Turkish army has admitted setting up the group to 'fight the PKK'. In 2012, Hür Dava Partisi, or Hüda-Par, the Free Cause Party, was formed as a legal political party and front group for KH.


MHP: Nationalist Action Party. A fascist party founded in 1969. Associated with the Grey Wolves paramilitary organisation responsible for attacks on the left, Kurds and Alevis.


PESHMERGA: Military forces ofthe autonomous region ofIraqi Kurdistan.


PJAK: Kurdistan Free Life Party. Formed in Rojhilat (Iranian Kurdistan) in the early 2000s. Politically aligned to the PKK. Involved in armed struggle against the Iranian state.


PKK: Kurdistan Workers' Party. Founded in 1978, the PKK has waged an armed struggle against the repressive state ofTurkey. The PKK's ideology was originally Marxist- Leninist but has since stated that its goal is now the establishment ofdemocratic confederalism.


PUK: Patriotic Union ofKurdistan, led by Jalal Talabani and one ofthe parties which is in control ofthe Kurdish Regional Government in Başûr. The PUK has its


power base in the Silêmanî (Sulaymaniyah) region ofBaşûr.


PYD: Democratic Union Party, a Syrian political party in Rojava, founded by Kurdish activists in 2003. It is aligned with the PKK and a member ofthe KCK. Its co- heads are Saleh Muslim and Asya Abdullah.


RECEP TAYYIP ERDOĞAN: President of Turkey since 2014. He founded the AKP (Justice and Development Party) in 2001 and was Prime Minister ofTurkey from 2003 to 2014.


SYRIAN UPRISINGS AND CIVIL WAR: In


March 2011 protests broke out against President Bashar Al-Assad in Syria. This uprising was violently repressed and by June 2011 an armed insurrection had begun against Assad. The conflict has become increasingly international in character. As ofMay 2016, Various parts ofSyria are controlled by the Rojava autonomous region; the Assad regime's forces; the Syrian Opposition Forces; Daesh and Jabhat Al- Nusra. The various sides in the conflict are supported financially and militarily by dozens ofstates.

\section{cities in bakur}


Kurdish name Turkish name


Amed Diyarbakır


Cizîr Cizre


Colemêrg Hakkâri


Dêrsim Tunceli


Gever Yüksekova


Şirnex Şırnak


Wan Van


Farqîn Silvan


Nisêbîn Nusaybin


Pirsûs Suruç


Heskîf Hasankeyf


TEV-DEM: Movement for a Democratic Society. Umbrella organisation aiming to achieve democratic autonomy in Rojava.

\section{VILLAGE GUARDS\Slash{}RANGERS: A}


paramilitary force in Turkey made up of Kurdish civilians armed and paid by the Turkish state. Many Kurdish people have been forced into becoming village guards by the Turkish military. Established in the mid 1980s, there are currently up to 90,000 village guards in Bakur.


YOUNG TURKS: A movement ofMuslim- Turkish nationalists at the beginning ofthe 20th century which aimed to replace the Ottoman monarchy with a constitutional monarchy. In 1908, the 'Young Turk' revolution established a period of constitutional monarchy in Turkey.


YPG: People's Protection Units in Rojava, the main fighting force in the autonomous region, made up ofboth men and women.


YPJ: Women's Protection Units in Rojava, a women-only militia fighting alongside the YPG. The YPJ and YPG are currently at war with Daesh.

\chapter{PART 1: a brief history of kurdish struggles}


 \textbf{Until the First World War, Kurdish populations were divided between the Ottoman Empire and Iran. This historical introduction will look principally at the last hundred years, which has seen new borders imposed on the Kurdish region.}


 \textbf{There are approximately 30 million Kurdish people worldwide, most of whom live in the geographic region ofKurdistan, which lies within Turkey, Syria, Iran and Iraq. In the Kurmanji language, the four parts ofKurdistan are known as Bakur (which means 'North', within Turkey), Başûr ('South', within Iraq), Rojava ('West', within Syria) and Rojhilat ('East', within Iran).}


The largest population ofKurds, amounting to up to a quarter ofthe global population, live within the borders ofTurkey – making up approximately 25\% ofthe country's population, although estimates vary. Many ofthese people moved to the large cities in Turkey in the 1990s after they were forcibly evacuated from their homes in the Kurdish region ofthe country. The Kurdish diaspora also spans across Europe. Large Kurdish populations live in the UK, Germany, France, Sweden, Belgium and the Netherlands. Many people have migrated to European cities due to persecution, fleeing the genocidal campaigns ofSaddam Hussein's Ba'athist regime in Iraqi Kurdistan or ethnic cleansing within Turkey. Kurdish diaspora populations also exist in Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Canada, Australia and Israel.


The province ofKurdistan existed within the Ottoman Empire and the Kurdish population enjoyed relative autonomy until the middle ofthe 19th century, when they rose up against the Empire, which was attempting to appropriate their lands. This uprising, and subsequent ones, were crushed by the Ottoman rulers.


In 1908, the 'Young Turk Revolution' changed the monopoly ofpower within the Ottoman Empire, and from 1913, control ofthe crumbling Empire was held by the CUP party ofthe Young Turks. Amidst Turkish nationalism, non Sunni-Turkish populations were killed or displaced.


By the end ofthe First World War, up to 700,000 Kurdish people had been displaced from their homes by the military. Almost halfofthat number died. A large-scale ethnic genocide of Armenians was also carried out and roughly 1.5 million Armenian people were murdered, wiping them from their historic roots and lands, much ofwhich would have laid within today's Republic ofTurkey. Today, the government ofTurkey still refuses to acknowledge the Armenian genocide. Kurds were also complicit in the extermination ofthe Armenian population but unlike Turkey, many Kurdish organisations acknowledge their part in the atrocities. Selahattin Demirtaş, co-leader ofthe pro-Kurdish HDP party in Turkey states:


“We recognise the Armenian Genocide without question. The Kurds and others certainly have played a role in the Armenian Genocide, but the political will [to commit this genocide] was that ofthe Young Turks’ party.”1


Alongside the slaughter ofArmenians, Assyrians living within the Ottoman Empire were forced to flee their homes, and hundreds ofthousands were killed. Meanwhile, during and after World War I, ethnic Greeks were targeted and again, hundreds ofthousands were killed in forced deportations and death marches.


The Ottoman Empire sided with Germany during World War I and its collapse soon followed. The partitioning ofthe Empire began when the Treaty ofSèvres was signed in 1920. Britain and France were the driving forces in the carving up ofthe Empire. Within the Treaty of Sèvres, there were plans for the creation ofa separate Kurdish state within what is now present-day Turkey.

\section{Bakur}


The Turkish War ofIndependence, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (meaning 'Father ofthe Turks'), was fought against the Allies, forcing them to renegotiate the partitioning. In 1923, the Treaty ofLausanne was signed and the Republic ofTurkey was founded with Atatürk as its first president, and with no recognition ofany separate Kurdish region.


Massive political, social, cultural and religious changes were implemented by Atatürk in an ideology known as Kemalism, with Turkish nationalism and secularism at the core. 'Turkification' processes were carried out and all minority populations in Turkey were oppressed. People were forced to speak Turkish, even ifit wasn't their mother tongue.


Dervish lodges, Sufi brotherhoods and centres for teaching Kurdish were shut down.


Writer Kerem Oktem states: “[The Republic ofTurkey] tried to impose their restrictive notion of Turkishness by force, and they expelled communities unfit for assimilation. Turkish supremacy was the order ofthe day\dots{}”2


Kurdish languages were repressed, the words 'Kurd' and 'Kurdistan' were banned, and Kurdish citizens were renamed 'Mountain Turks' by the state.


Throughout the 1920s and 1930s there were a series ofKurdish uprisings, and in 1937, tens of thousands ofpeople were killed by the Turkish military in Dêrsim after a rebellion against the Turkification process and the displacement ofmostly Alevi and Zaza people from their homelands.


In 1978, the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) was formed under its leader Abdullah Öcalan.


With a vision ofan independent Kurdistan, the Marxist-Leninist organisation started an armed struggle against its oppressors.


Kerem Öktem describes how, in the Kurdish provinces in the 1980s: “the military, the police and their collaborators committed the most abject human rights abuses with total impunity, while the bureaucracy and the judiciary sheltered the perpetrators and prosecuted the victims.”3


Kurdish inmates were tortured in Turkish prisons and hundreds ofthousands were detained. In 1982, after Turkey's third military coup in two decades, Turkey's new constitution expressly forbade the teaching oflanguages other than Turkish in schools and the speaking ofKurdish and other mother tongues were officially banned.4


During the 1990s the brutal organisation JİTEM (Gendarmerie Intelligence \& Counter- terrorism Centre) terrorised Kurdish people, whilst the state-linked Islamist group Kurdish Hezbollah (not related to the Lebanese group ofthe same name) murdered PKK members and carried out assassinations ofcivilians on the streets.


Yannis, who we interviewed in the village ofRoboski in Bakur in 2015, told us:


“JİTEM was official but was doing illegal things, killing people, kidnapping people, especially in Kurdistan\dots{}Even now people are scared when they hear the word JİTEM.”


In the 1990s, more than 3,000 Kurdish villages were burnt down by Turkish security forces. The official reason for destroying the villages was to combat PKK militants but the real reason was to wipe out Kurdish culture and identity, and to clear people from their homelands so that they would have to start a new life in the cities, where they could be assimilated as 'Turkish.' Human Rights Watch says ofthe burning ofthe villages:


“During the course ofsuch operations, security forces frequently abused and humiliated villagers, stole their property and cash, and ill-treated or tortured them before herding them onto the roads and away from their former homes. The operations were marked by scores of“disappearances” and extrajudicial executions.”5


On its website, the Human Rights Association in Turkey (IHD) has an interactive map of mass graves, most ofwhich are in the south-east ofthe country. According to IHD, there are thousands ofbodies in hundreds ofmass graves.6 You can view the map at \href{http://www.ihddiyarbakir.org/Map.aspx}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.ihddiyarbakir.org\Slash{}Map.aspx}


In 1999, PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was captured by the Turkish National Intelligence Agency (MIT) in Kenya with the help ofthe CIA. Until 1998, Öcalan had been given refuge by President Hafez Al Assad in Syria. In 1999, Öcalan was sentenced to death, although this was later changed to life imprisonment after Turkey abolished the death penalty as part ofits bid


[image]


A demonstration by the Peace Mothers in Istanbul in 2015. On World Peace Day in 2015, the mothers released a statement saying: "We are the mothers ofvictims of17,000 unidentified murders, political killings and disappearances committed in the 80s and 90s. We are the mothers of40,000 people lost during the war and the conflict. We have lost our children, our beloved ones and our nature, which were our heart and life." Photo by Corporate Watch, June 2015.


to enter the EU. Whilst in prison, Öcalan brought about a change in the PKK's stated politics, from Marxist-Leninism to democratic confederalism and renounced the PKK's previous goal ofestablishing an independent state ofKurdistan. Öcalan announced this change in policy from his prison cell in 2005. The concept ofdemocratic confederalism will be explored in more detail in our next chapter: An introduction to democratic confederalism in Kurdistan.


From 1970 onwards, a succession ofIslamic parties had attempted to take part in Turkish electoral politics. They came up against the secular Kemalist loyalties ofthe Turkish deep state and many ofthem were eventually banned. In 1997, a coalition led by the Islamic Welfare Party was forced out ofpower by the military. The welfare party was banned the following year. However, in 2002 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's Justice and Development Party (AKP) successfully gained power and has hung on to it ever since. Erdoğan had previously been a member ofthe Welfare Party.


In the early 2000s, the AKP government initially made small token efforts ofpeace with its Kurdish population, including allowing the opening ofa Kurdish language TV channel.7 But soon, under Erdoğan's presidency, the government began harshly enforcing an anti-terror law, where propagating “the goals ofterrorist groups” was made an offence. The law could be used to penalise requests for education in Kurdish, and it ensured that the definition of


terrorism was wide and was used to repress Kurdish movements and independent journalists. The law also allowed courts to charge children between the ages of15 and 18 as adults ifthey were charged with 'terrorist offences', such as throwing stones.8


The late 1990s and early 2000s had seen the PKK, guided by Öcalan from his prison cell, attempt to maintain a fragile ceasefire. This was abandoned in 2004 and another period of armed struggle and savage repression ensued. The PKK announced several successive ceasefires, but these efforts were not reciprocated by the AKP.


In 2009, the Democratic Society Party (DTP), a Kurdish political party committed to democratic confederalism, won electoral success in 99 municipalities in Bakur. The state responded with a wave ofarrests ofDTP representatives and the eventual banning ofthe DTP, which was soon replaced by a new party, the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP). Mass demonstrations and killings ofdemonstrators ensued. In early 2010 the PKK returned to armed struggle.9


Since 2009, thousands ofpeople have been imprisoned for membership ofthe Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK), the umbrella group established to implement democratic confederalism in all four parts ofKurdistan. The prosecutions have often hung on flimsy evidence and have aimed to criminalise those involved in Kurdish parties and political movements.


In 2013, the PKK began new negotiations with the state ofTurkey, and a ceasefire was declared. This shaky ceasefire remained until 2015, despite numerous state provocations. In 2014, demonstrations in solidarity with the Rojavan city ofKobanê were violently repressed and Turkish police killed civilians in the city ofCizîr (see our article The Struggle for Autonomy in Cizîr later in this book).


The state's provocations were intended to provoke the PKK to break the ceasefire in a bid to undermine the growing electoral success ofthe People's Democratic Party (HDP), which had replaced the BDP in 2014. Attacks on Kurdish people by Islamist group Kurdish Hezbollah were also increasing.


In the June 2015 Turkish elections, the HDP obtained 13.2\% ofthe votes, thus passing the 10\% threshold ofthe vote required to take seats in parliament, and became the third largest party in parliament.


Just days before the election, bomb blasts ripped through an election rally in the Kurdish-majority city Amed (Diyarbakır in Turkish), killing four and injuring 100. This was the first ofa series ofattacks, blamed on Daesh but widely believed in Kurdistan to have been orchestrated by the state.


Around a month later, bomb blasts killed 33 youths in Pirsûs (Suruç in Turkish). The young people had been travelling to Kobanê to help with the rebuilding. In October 2015, 103 trade unionists and HDP supporters were killed in Ankara whilst attending a peace rally.


After the June election, the AKP did not have a majority ofthe seats in parliament. Negotiations began on the formation ofa parliamentary coalition. However, Erdoğan was not willing to form a coalition, preferring instead to press for a re-election and try to regain the majority that he needed to push through constitutional changes to grant himselfmore power. New elections were called for November 2015.10


In July 2015, the PKK abandoned their ceasefire in response to the state's increasing violence and bomb attacks on Kurdish people, and in response to the heavy bombardment ofthe regions where the PKK have their bases. Around the same time, Kurdish people in cities in Bakur began arming themselves behind barricades in their neighbourhoods and declaring autonomy from the state. The police and military used tanks, helicopters and heavy artillery to crush these revolts, declaring curfews, enforced with snipers and killing hundreds of civilians (see our article, Turkey's bloodiest massacre and displacement ofthe Kurds since the 1990s is happening now, later in this book).


This provocation and repression ofthe Kurdish movements was a clear attempt by the AKP to gather support from the right wing in Turkey and to push the HDP offthe streets. This strategy worked to an extent, with the AKP winning over some voters from the fascist National Action Party (MHP) in the November election. After the Ankara bombing the HDP called offelection rallies for fear that its supporters would be targeted. The HDP eventually polled 10.25\% ofthe vote, a decrease from their June result, but enough to keep their parliamentary seats.


Since the election, state forces have continued to launch devastating attacks aimed at crushing the movements for autonomy in many cities across Bakur. Up to halfa million people have been displaced. At the time ofwriting, state forces are attacking people in Nusaybin and shelling two neighbourhoods ofŞırnak.

\section{Başûr}


The Sykes-Picot agreement, a secret agreement made during the First World War to divide up the Ottoman Empire between the British and French, came to fruition in 1918, when the British defeated the Ottoman troops and took control ofIraq. The French seized control of neighbouring Syria. In 1920, these imperial conquests were given a mandate by the newly formed League ofNations. The Kurdish population was divided between these new imperial 'mandate' territories. The British installed King Faisal as a client ruler in Iraq.


When Kurdish calls for independence were dashed by the Treaty ofLausanne, Kurds in Northern Iraq rose up against the British. The British rulers fought back, bombing and burning Kurdish villages.11


After suppressing several successive revolts, the British passed control to their client monarchy in 1932. Kurds continued to organise for greater independence. In 1946, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and its Peshmerga guerilla force, aimed at achieving an independent Kurdish state, were founded in neighbouring Rojhilat in the short lived Mahabad Kurdish republic. The KDP had its first meeting in Iraq the same year.


The Kingdom ofIraq operated as a British client state until a coup led to Brigadier Abd al- Karim Qasim's regime taking control in 1958. The KDP declared loyalty to the new regime, hoping to pressure Qasim for greater autonomy. However, these aspirations conflicted with the Ba'ath party and other Arab nationalists' ideas ofpan-Arabism. From 1961-1963, Kurds revolted in Iraq. The suppression ofthese revolts led to 80,000 people losing their homes.


After the Ba'ath takeover ofIraq in 1968, a further war was fought between the Iraqi state and Barzani's Peshmerga guerilla force, triggered by an Iraqi government announcement ofan Arabisation programme in the oil rich regions ofBaşûr. The war led to up to 20,000 deaths on both sides. Barzani's KDP received covert support from the CIA and Israel's Mossad, who hoped Kurdish nationalism would destabilise the pan-Arabist Soviet aligned Iraqi regime.12


In 1975, discontentment with the KDP led to a split and the formation ofthe nominally-leftist Patriotic Union ofKurdistan (PUK). The PUK also began an armed struggle aimed at establishing an independent Kurdistan.


In 1980, Saddam Hussein's government went to war with Iran. During the eight year conflict the PUK continued their armed struggle from bases across the border in Iran. The KDP also cooperated with Iran, hoping that the war would present them with the opportunity to establish Kurdish independence.


In the last part ofthe war, from 1986, Saddam Hussein launched the genocidal Al Anfal campaign against the Kurds and other minorities in Iraq. The Anfal genocide, which killed up to 182,000 Kurds, was carried out with the help ofweapons supplied by the Western powers.


According to journalist John Pilger:


“[Hussein was a] thug whose Ba’athist Party was brought to power by the CIA in what the CIA official responsible described as “our favourite coup”. Moreover, he was sustained in power during the 1980s by Ronald Reagan, George Bush Senior and Margaret Thatcher, who gave him all the weapons he wanted, often clandestinely and illegally.” 13


On March 16 1988, at least 5,000 Kurdish people were killed in a poison gas attack on the city ofHalabja. Some ofthe materials for the preparation ofpoison gas had been sold to Saddam Hussein's government by companies in the Netherlands and West Germany.


The defeat ofthe Iraqi army by the US-led invasion ofIraq in 1990-91 finally gave Kurds in Başûr a chance to wrest control ofthe region from Iraqi government forces. During the uprising people's councils (shuras) and workers unions were established in opposition to the old regime ofthe Iraqi government. However, the shuras never established a military force to protect themselves and, once the KDP and PUK had reorganised themselves after the war, they were soon able to exercise complete control and eventually disband them.14 Western imposed no-fly zones insured the area remained in their hands. An agreement was reached between the KDP, the PUK and the Iraqi government for the establishment ofthe Kurdistan Regional Government.


Since then, factions within the KRG have become increasingly close to the US and other western powers as well as Iran, Turkey and Israel. Power in the KRG is shared between the KDP and PUK, with the KDP controlling the Erbil and Dohuk regions and the PUK controlling the Sulaymaniyah region. The KRG has established close economic relations with Turkey, constructing an oil pipeline from the KRG through Turkey.15 Protests against government policies by people in Başûr have led to KRG forces firing on and killing demonstrators.


Members ofboth the KDP and PUK have been accused ofwidespread corruption and creaming offprofits from the exploitation ofBaşûr's ample oil reserves.16


The boundaries ofthe Kurdish Autonomous region in Iraq have never been clearly defined and there is an ongoing dispute over the cities ofKirkuk and Mosul. In 2014, Daesh occupied Mosul and the KRG took control ofKirkuk.


Since the 1990s, the KRG has allowed the PKK, and the Rojhilat based Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK), to establish bases in the Qandil mountains in the North ofBaşûr. The reasons why the KRG allows the PKK to remain in their territory are diverse. According to Paul White, the author oftwo books on the PKK, the KRG tolerates the PKK because it would be militarily difficult to evict the PKK from the mountainous terrain and it would cause a major scandal amongst the KDP and PUK's Kurdish supporters.17 The Turkish military, supported by the US, has launched frequent air-raids and ground invasions into Qandil, aimed at destroying the PKK bases.

\section{Rojava}


Under the Sykes-Picot agreement of1918, Syria was declared a French colonial mandate. Around 18\% ofthe citizens ofthis new French territory were Kurdish. According to one account by Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness:


“After a number offailed uprisings by Syrian Arabs, the French adopted a divide and conquer strategy.


They filled their colonial armies with Kurds, Christians, Druze and other ethnic minorities and gave significant governing powers to Kurdish tribal leaders. When Syria gained independence from France in 1946 it quickly attacked its internal enemies. 200,000 Kurds had their identity papers taken away and were declared stateless.”18


The newly founded Arab republic changed the names ofKurdish towns and resettled Arab Bedouin to the Kurdish north to act as a police force. Kurdish customs and organisations were banned and Kurdish politicians arrested.


In the 1970s, the Syrian state relocated Arab citizens to Rojava, aiming to create an 'Arab belt'. 150,000 Kurdish people were displaced without compensation. Kurdish calls for independence were harshly repressed and demonstrations violently attacked by the police and army.


From the 1980s, Syria became an important haven for the PKK. The Syrian regime wanted to use the PKK as a political tool against Turkey. This support would remain in place until the early 1990s when the regime demanded that the PKK move their bases out ofSyria. In 1998, the PKK had finally outstayed its welcome and Abdullah Öcalan was expelled from Syria, paving the way to his capture in Kenya the following year.


In 2003, the Democratic Union Party (PYD), a party aligned to the PKK, was established in Rojava. It was soon repressed by Assad's regime and many members were arrested and imprisoned.


In 2004, there was a Kurdish uprising in the city ofQamişlo, triggered by supporters ofan Arab football team holding up pictures ofSaddam Hussein. The offices ofthe Ba'ath party were set on fire and a statue ofHafez-Al-Assad was toppled. The army, along with mercenaries hired from local Arab tribes, was able to quickly put down the uprising. At least 100 Kurds were killed and thousands fled to neighbouring Başûr.19


According to Aldar Xelîl, a PYD member at the time:


“On March 12, 2004, there was an uprising here in Qamişlo. After that the state increased its repression\dots{} During that time (after 2005) the regime was very oppressive, many ofour friends killed or arrested, some disappeared. We founded different people’s councils—but still many were arrested. The regime tried to destroy them. Sometimes in a year we would see that a whole council was gone because everyone was arrested.”20


Repression ofKurdish protests by the regime forces continued. Protesters were killed during demonstrations in 2005 and 2008 in Qamişlo.


When the uprisings began in Syria against President Assad in 2011, Kurds and others in


Rojava joined mass demonstrations. In Qamişlo, thousands demonstrated during the 'day of the Kurdish Martyr'.21 At the same time, the PYD took the opportunity to organise assemblies and communes in Rojava, inspired by Öcalan's ideas ofdemocratic confederalism.


In 2012, the People's Protection Units (YPG and YPJ) took control ofmost ofRojava from the Assad regime. According to Syrian writer Shiar Nayo, the Assad regime, seeing no other option, gave up control ofthe territory to the PYD, hoping to use the Kurds as a bargaining tool against Turkey:


“Many accuse the Democratic Union Party (PYD), the Syrian wing ofthe Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), ofcollusion and co-operation with the regime. I don’t believe this narrative is very accurate. What happened, in my reading ofevents, was a pragmatic convergence ofinterests between the two sides in 2012. For the [Assad] regime, the primary aim ofthis ‘understanding’ (i.e. the withdrawal ofthe regime apparatus from the predominantly Kurdish areas and handing their administration over mainly to the PYD) was the neutralisation ofthe Kurdish areas in the revolution, both militarily and politically (so as to not open up another major front in the north-eastern part ofthe country and to divide the opposition along ethnic and sectarian lines). The second aim was to use the PYD as a trump card against Turkey, the most significant supporter ofthe Free Syrian Army at that time.”22


Regime forces have remained in control ofgovernment complexes in the cities ofQamişlo and Hasakah, and are still involved in sporadic violent clashes with the YPJ and YPG.


The regime's withdrawal gave the PYD and others the opportunity to organise society along the lines ofdemocratic confederalism (see our next chapter, An introduction to democratic confederalism in Kurdistan, for more details). In 2012, Rojava declared itselfan autonomous region, divided into three cantons; Cizîrê, Kobanê and Efrîn.


Since then, the YPG and YPJ, supported by PKK fighters from other parts ofKurdistan, have been defending themselves from attack, first by Jabhat al-Nusra and then Daesh. In 2014, Daesh invaded and besieged the city ofKobanê. The majority ofthose who were not involved in defending the city left, most to neighbouring Turkey. The YPJ and YPG remained to defend the city and were eventually given air support by the US. The city was liberated in 2015, although over 80\% ofit had been destroyed.


Later in 2015, the city ofGirê Spî (Tel Abyad in Arabic) was taken from Daesh by the YPJ and YPG, again with US support, linking two ofRojava's three cantons and cutting of an important Daesh supply line, which had linked Turkey with the Daesh-held city ofRaqqa. There is evidence to suggest that the state ofTurkey has allowed, and even facilitates, the transfer ofweapons to Daesh through Turkey into Syria.23


Across the border in Turkey, President Erdoğan has stated that he will never allow the formation ofKurdish state “on our southern border in the north ofSyria.”24 Erdoğan has repeatedly threatened military intervention in Rojava. The Turkish military has repeatedly fired into Efrîn and into the city ofQamişlo in Cizîrê. Turkish politicians have warned that the Turkish military will not allow the linking up ofKobanê and Efrîn. Ifthe YPJ and YPG were to succeed in this, it would mean that the Rojava Autonomous Administation would control the majority ofTurkey's border with Syria and would cut offanother important Daesh supply route.


Turkey operates a de facto blockade ofRojava, for the most part refusing to allow in humanitarian workers, building materials and medical supplies (see our article Rebuilding Kobanê later in this book).


The Kurdistan Regional Government in neighbouring Başûr, seeing the revolution in Rojava as a direct threat to its power in the region, is also maintaining strict restrictions on the borders, preventing medical supplies, goods and people from crossing. The KRG and the Iraqi government have dug a 12 metre deep and 2 metre wide trench along their borders with Cizîrê canton. According to Kurdish anarchist Zaher Baher the reasons for this are:


“Firstly\dots{} to stop Syrians fleeing the war from reaching Iraqi Kurdistan. Also, the head ofthe KRG, Massoud Barzani, is worried about the PKK and PYD and therefore he and the KRG want to stop them or anybody else from the DSA [Democratic Self-Administration] entering this part ofKurdistan.


Secondly, the trench will increase the effectiveness ofthe sanctions used against West Kurdistan in an attempt to strangle and pressurise them to the point ofsurrender so as to give into KRG conditions.”25


The YPJ\Slash{}G often work in coordination with US, who have provided air support for them in several battles (a critical discussion ofthis coordination with the US can be read in the next chapter). Russian airstrikes against Daesh have also been welcomed by some in Rojava.


Relations between the PYD and Russia are close and the PYD has recently opened an office in Moscow. Saleh Muslim, PYD chairperson told Al Monitor: “We have had relations with Russia for the past three years. We go back and forth to Russia, to Moscow\dots{} We will fight alongside whoever fights Daesh.”26


Since 2015, the YPJ and YPG have been fighting as part ofthe Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), in alliance with the Syrian Arab Coalition and Syriac, Turkmen and Armenian militias.

\section{Rojhilat}


Within Iran, during the 1906-1925 constitutional revolution, Kurdish people were able to develop political and civil society organisations. However from 1925, the Shah's western backed regime imposed 'Persianification' on Kurdish and other minorities. Kurdish organisations and newspapers were repressed, political leaders arrested and the Kurdish language prohibited. Rojhilat was militarily occupied by the Shah's forces, resulting in mass displacements ofKurds.


In 1945 the Democratic Party ofIranian Kurdistan (PDKI) was formed. In 1946 Qazi Muhammed ofthe PDKI announced the formation ofthe short lived Mahabad Kurdish republic. When Soviet forces retreated from the area the Iranian army moved in, and the leaders ofthe republic were arrested and executed.


According to Kurdish writer Dilar Dirik, many Kurds took part in the Iranian revolution of 1979, hoping it would bring about a better society. However, when Khomeini took power, a fatwa was issued against the Kurds, making it permissible to kill them.27 Khomeini's regime embarked on years ofmilitary assaults on the Kurdish west.


In 1967, under the Shah, a left wing Kurdish nationalist organisation called Komala was formed in Tehran. After the 1979 revolution, Ayatollah Khomeini saw the Kurdish movements as a threat to the revolution and declared a jihad against them. Komala and the PDKI began an armed struggle against the regime. During this period, councils were set up to organise people in the cities ofRojhilat. The state managed to crush this uprising by 1983, leading to the deaths ofup to 10,000 people on both sides.


In the early 2000s, the Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK) was established in Rojhilat. PJAK is politically aligned to the PKK. From 2006, PJAK has been involved in armed struggle against the Iranian state. PJAK has bases alongside the PKK in the Qandil mountains (in Başûr inside Iraq's borders), reportedly shares munitions with them and has entered Turkey on several occasions to support the PKK's military operations. The PKK, likewise, claims to have entered Iran to fight alongside PJAK. In 2011, the governments ofTurkey and the Islamic Republic of Iran announced military cooperation against both the PKK and PJAK. Iran is currently carrying out regular bombing raids and drone surveillance ofthe Qandil mountains.


In May 2015, Ferinaz Xosrawani, a Kurdish woman, jumped to her death from the balcony of a hotel in Mahabad in Rojhilat, reportedly to escape rape by Iranian intelligence officers. Mass protests were held in Mahabad and the hotel was set on fire. The police attacked protesters with tear gas and live ammunition.28


Any expression ofsolidarity with the wider Kurdish movements is heavily repressed by the Iranian state. Iran has executed hundreds ofits opponents, including Kurds. So far in 2016, at least two Kurdish prisoners were executed in Iran for association with PJAK.29 In 2015, we met with a refugee from Rojhilat who had been sentenced to death in Iran for demonstrating in solidarity with the people ofKobanê in their fight against Daesh.

\section{End notes}


1. \href{http://news.am/eng/news/248367.html}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}news.am\Slash{}eng\Slash{}news\Slash{}248367.html}


2. Kerem Öktem, Angry Nation: Turkey since 1989, p33.


3. Kerem Öktem, Angry Nation p57.


4. Kerem Öktem, Angry Nation p63.


5. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}\href{http://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/turkey0305/3.htm\#\_Toc97005223}{www.hrw.org\Slash{}reports\Slash{}2005\Slash{}turkey0305\Slash{}3.htm\#\_Toc97005223}


6. \href{http://anfenglish.com/features/ihd-released-interactive-mass-graves-map}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}anfenglish.com\Slash{}features\Slash{}ihd-released-interactive-mass-graves-map}


7. Paul White, The PKK, Coming Down From the Mountains, Zed Books, 2015, page 50.


8. Kerem Oktem, Angry Nation, p143.


9. Paul White, The PKK, Coming Down From the Mountains, Zed Books, 2015, page 50-54.


10. See for example https:\Slash{}\Slash{}uk.news.yahoo.com\Slash{}erdogan-settles-turkeys-strongman-constitutional- change-not-135549661--business.html


11. Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness, The Rojava Revolution: A Small Key Can Open a Large Door, P8.


12. \href{http://www.merip.org/mer/mer141/major-kurdish-organizations-iraq}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.merip.org\Slash{}mer\Slash{}mer141\Slash{}major-kurdish-organizations-iraq}


13. \href{http://www.johnpilger.com/articles/the-blair-government-continues-to-insist-that-iraq-poses-a-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.johnpilger.com\Slash{}articles\Slash{}the-blair-government-continues-to-insist-that-iraq-poses-a-} threat-to-the-middle-east-despite-clear-evidence-to-the-contrary


14. See for instance \href{http://dialectical-delinquents.com/articles/class-struggle-histories-2/kurdish-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}dialectical-delinquents.com\Slash{}articles\Slash{}class-struggle-histories-2\Slash{}kurdish-} uprising-1991-and-kurdistans-nationalist-shop-front-and-its-negotiations-with-the-baathistfascist- regime\Slash{}. We are also grateful to Zaher Baher for his description ofwhat happened during this period.


15. \href{http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ar/originals/2013/11/iraqi-kurdish-pipeline-turkey-oil-policy-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.al-monitor.com\Slash{}pulse\Slash{}ar\Slash{}originals\Slash{}2013\Slash{}11\Slash{}iraqi-kurdish-pipeline-turkey-oil-policy-} export.html


16. See, for example, \href{http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/may/10/corruption-scandals-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.theguardian.com\Slash{}commentisfree\Slash{}2012\Slash{}may\Slash{}10\Slash{}corruption-scandals-} destabilise-iraqi-kurdistan


17. Paul White, The PKK, Coming Down From the Mountains, Zed Books, 2015, p72.


18. Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness, The Rojava Revolution: A Small Key Can Open a Large Door, p9.


19. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}syriafreedomforever.wordpress.com\Slash{}2014\Slash{}04\Slash{}07\Slash{}on-the-syrian-revolution-and-the-kurdish- issue-an-interview-with-syrian-kurdish-activist-and-journalist-shiar-nayo\Slash{}


20. From Janet Biehl's personal notes ofan interview with Aldar Xelîl (October 2014), kindly provided to Corporate Watch in 2016.


21. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}\href{http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWKh8C5Z6ps}{www.youtube.com\Slash{}watch?v=MWKh8C5Z6ps}


22. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}tahriricn.wordpress.com\Slash{}2014\Slash{}04\Slash{}07\Slash{}syria-on-the-syrian-revolution-and-the-kurdish-issue- an-interview-with-syrian-kurdish-activist-and-journalist-shiar-nayo\Slash{}


23. See, for example, \href{http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-l-phillips/research-paper-isis-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.huffingtonpost.com\Slash{}david-l-phillips\Slash{}research-paper-isis-} turke\_b\_6128950.html


24. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}\href{http://www.yahoo.com/news/turkey-never-allow-kurdish-state-syria-warns-erdogan-}{www.yahoo.com\Slash{}news\Slash{}turkey-never-allow-kurdish-state-syria-warns-erdogan-} 133603673.html?ref=gs


25. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}libcom.org\Slash{}news\Slash{}experiment-west-kurdistan-syrian-kurdistan-has-proved-people-can-make- changes-zaher-baher-2


26. \href{http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/10/turkey-syria-russia-pyd-leader-muslim-moscow-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.al-monitor.com\Slash{}pulse\Slash{}originals\Slash{}2015\Slash{}10\Slash{}turkey-syria-russia-pyd-leader-muslim-moscow-} prevent-ankara.html\#


27. New World Academy, Stateless Democracy (2015), p35.


28. \href{http://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/kurdish-woman-commits-suicide-to-avoid-rape-by-iranian-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}anfenglish.com\Slash{}kurdistan\Slash{}kurdish-woman-commits-suicide-to-avoid-rape-by-iranian-} intelligence


29. \href{http://anfenglish.com/human-rights/kurdish-prisoner-behrouz-alkhani-and-five-others-executed-in-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}anfenglish.com\Slash{}human-rights\Slash{}kurdish-prisoner-behrouz-alkhani-and-five-others-executed-in-} iran

\chapter{PART 2: An introduction to democratic confederalism in Kurdistan}

\section{DEMOCRATIC CONFEDERALISM IN KURDISTAN}


This article was first published on 18 April 2016.


The Kurdish region is currently undergoing a transformation. People are organising themselves in grassroots people's assemblies and co-operatives, declaring their autonomy from the state and their wish for real democracy. Feminist and anti-capitalist ideas are flourishing. These changes are inspired by a new idea: democratic confederalism. These movements have the capacity to transform the reality of millions of people in Kurdistan, and potentially spread to the wider Middle East.


Last year we visited Bakur, the part of Kurdistan within Turkey's borders, and Rojava, the Kurdish majority autonomous region in Syria. This article examines the theory and practice of democratic confederalism in Bakur and Rojava, and goes on to discuss how we can engage in solidarity, while maintaining an honest and critical perspective.


We have tried to understand the theory and practice of democratic confedralism as best we could, and have taken advice from many Kurdish friends, as well as activists who have visited the region. We hope that we have given an accurate description.


However, any mistakes or inaccuracies are entirely our own.


Above: A commune meeting in Amûdê in Rojava's Cizîrê canton, November 2015. Photo by Brighton Kurdish Solidarity.

\section{From Marxist-Leninism to Democratic Confederalism}


Kurdish populations have been increasingly oppressed since the formation ofthe Republic ofTurkey (see our chapter, A Brief History ofKurdish Struggles). In 1978, the Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK) was founded, based on Marxist-Leninist ideas of national liberation. The PKK began an armed struggle, with the aim ofachieving an independent Kurdistan.


During the 1980s and 1990s the PKK rose up against the Turkish state, calling for independence. Armed struggle was met by torture, assassination and ethnic cleansing aimed at the entire Kurdish population by the Turkish government's security forces. Over 3,000 Kurdish villages were systematically burned during the 1990s.


After the capture ofits leader Abdullah Öcalan in 1999, the messages and statements put out by the PKK began to change. Influenced by the communalist ideas ofUS social-ecologist Murray Bookchin, as well as Emma Goldman and the Zapatistas, Öcalan and others in the PKK began to criticise nation-states, and the PKK's stated goal changed from the establishment ofan independent Kurdistan to democratic confederalism. We will summarise here what Öcalan and others say about democratic confederalism, before looking at how the ideas have been put into practice in Rojava and Bakur.


On the nation state Öcalan says:


“The right ofselfdetermination ofa people includes the right to a state oftheir own.


However, the foundation ofa state does not increase the freedom ofa people. The system of the United Nations that is based on nation states has remained inefficient. Meanwhile, nation states have become serious obstacles for any social development.”1


And on democratic confederalism:


“Democratic confederalism is the contrasting paradigm ofthe oppressed people. Democratic confederalism is a non-state social paradigm. It is not controlled by a state. At the same time, democratic confederalism is the cultural organisational blueprint ofa democratic nation.


Democratic confederalism is based on grassroots participation. Its decision making processes lie with the communities. Higher levels only serve the coordination and implementation ofthe will ofthe communities that send their delegates to the general assemblies.” 2


Looking more closely at these ideas, democratic confederalism is based on the idea that society can be run truly democratically through networks ofgrassroots assemblies or communes, which form confederations with each other across regions.


Local assemblies elect representatives at the village or street level and these representatives represent their assembly at the level ofthe city or region. Again, the city or region elects representatives to represent them at higher levels.


The idea is that the real power remains with the population, and not with state


bureaucracies. According to Öcalan, a form ofgovernment would still be necessary, but only to implement the decisions made by the assemblies, whose representatives would be elected at a street or neighbourhood level.


These ideas owe a lot to the work ofthe US social ecologist, Murray Bookchin. In 1990 Bookchin wrote:


“What then is confederalism? It is above all a network ofadministrative councils whose members or delegates are elected from popular face-to-face democratic assemblies\dots{} The members ofthese confederal councils are strictly mandated, recallable and responsible to the assemblies that choose them\dots{} Their function is thus a purely administrative and practical one, not a policy making one\dots{}”3


In his pamphlet, Democratic Confederalism, Öcalan argues for a society that respects ethnic, religious and cultural differences. He states that:


“It is a natural right to express one’s cultural, ethnic, or national identity with the help of political associations. However, this right needs an ethical and political society. Whether nation- state, republic, or democracy – democratic confederalism is open for compromises concerning state or governmental traditions. It allows for equal coexistence.”4


Öcalan sees democratic confederalism as a model for the whole Middle-East:


“Finally, let me state again that the fundamental problems ofthe Middle East are deeply rooted in the class civilisation. They have tightened with the global crisis ofthe capitalist modernity. This


modernity and its claim to dominance cannot offer any solutions, not to mention a long-term perspective for the Middle-East region. The future is democratic confederalism.”5


Democratic confederalism emphasises the formation ofa social economy, based on co- operatives organised at the grassroots level. In Rojava, co-operatives are linked with the communes themselves. According to Saleh Muslim, co-chair ofthe PYD, the party aligned to the PKK in Rojava:


“Co-operative associations are the best embodiment ofco-operative economy, the association will be based on communes which mean society is the primary representative ofthe economy.”6


Feminism is emphasised in the theory of democratic confederalism. According to Öcalan: “Liberating life is impossible without a radical women's revolution.” 7 In Bakur and in Rojava, local assemblies, communes, political parties and municipalities have established a system ofco-representation, or co-chairs, where each position must be filled by one man and one woman. Many movements and organisations have a quota for female participation. For example, we spoke to an ecology assembly in Bakur in July 2015 who told us they would not accept any more men until a certain amount of women had joined.


People have been attempting to implement these ideas in Kurdistan for over ten years. In 2005, the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK) was established with the aim of implementing the ideas ofdemocratic confederalism in all four parts of Kurdistan.8

\section{democratic autonomyin Bakur}

\section{dtk - democratic society congress}


province assemblies

\section{cityassemblies}


neighbourhood assemblies


in the three upper levels, 40\% of places are allocated to representatives of social movements, civil society organisations, political parties, municipalities, workers' organisations and professional organisations.


the dtk organises commissions working on a number of areas, for example: ecology, economy, education, women, youth, religion, culture.


A Corporate Watch diagram, based on interviews with the DTK, correspondence with Ercan Ayboğa, and Paul White's book The PKK: 'Coming Down From The Mountains'.

\section{Democratic confederalism in practice in Bakur}


In Bakur, the region ofKurdistan within Turkey's borders, people have been trying to put these ideas into practice for over a decade. The Democratic Society Congress (DTK), set up in in 2007, acts as an umbrella organisation, and aims to establish democratic confederalism in Bakur. It meets every three months and is made up of representatives ofdifferent ethnic groups and political parties as well as representatives oflocal assemblies. It operates as a parliament, and attempts to create a new society under the weight of repression from the existing one. Since the establishment ofthe DTK, local assemblies have been set up all over Bakur. The DTK has also set up regional commissions to deal with issues such as ecology, economy, education, language, religion, culture, science, diplomacy, women and young people.


People involved in these movements often


refer to wanting to achieve democratic autonomy through people organising themselves through grassroots assemblies or communes. Following on from this, the term 'democratic confederalism' is used to describe networks ofthese local assemblies joining together in a confederation.


The movement for democratic autonomy is supported by the People's Democratic Party (HDP), who have 59 seats in the Turkish parliament and are in control ofmany municipalities in Bakur. Another party, the Democratic Regions Party (DBP), stands in some municipal elections, but primarily works toward the establishment of democratic autonomy. The PKK also supports it.


Since the start ofthe movement for democratic confederalism in Bakur, activists have been met by intense state repression. The PKK is listed as a banned terrorist group in Turkey. Because the PKK is part ofthe KCK, the umbrella organisation which aims to establish


Workers from a honey co-operative in a village close to Wan, July 2015. Photo by Corporate Watch.


democratic confederalism in all four regions ofKurdistan, the KCK has been proscribed too. Thousands ofpeople have been arrested for connections with the KCK, including many politicians from the HDP and DBP.


This has not stopped the movement from growing. When we visited Bakur in July 2015, local assemblies and commissions were organising co-operatives. For example, we visited several farming co-operatives in the Wan (Van in Turkish) region which had been established on land donated by landlords to the Democratic Regions Party. Profits from the co-operatives are shared among the workers. We also visited a co- operative shop which had been set up by the DTK's economic commission in Wan.


Women's assemblies and ecology assemblies are also part ofthe DTK. For example, environmental activists have formed an ecology assembly in the city of Batman, which they told us was represented in the DTK. Women also have a parallel umbrella organisation, the Free Women's Union.


Increasingly, people are turning toward the Democratic Regions Party (DBP) and the assemblies to solve disputes, rather than going to the police and courts. In the Wan region we personally observed local people asking the DBP to arbitrate in disputes.


Since the HDP's electoral success in June, the police and army have intensified attacks against Kurdish people, particularly activists involved in the movement for democratic autonomy. In many areas people have erected barricades against the


police and read out declarations of autonomy. In these cities, the Turkish police and military have launched an all out war, using tanks, mortars and helicopter gunships to attack residential streets.


Armed self-defence units, including female only units, have been set up at the local level in many places in response.


The DTK has announced that the whole of Turkey, not just the Kurdish region, could be run through self-governing autonomous regions. According to a December 2015 DTK statement:


“Democratic autonomy as the solution to the Kurdish problem cannot be separated from the democratisation ofTurkey as a whole. The declarations ofdemocratic autonomy are thus steps toward democratising Turkey. We consider them legal and necessary and proper for all the peoples ofTurkey. Undoubtedly local democracies would take different forms according to the conditions and needs oftheir area, region, and community. Under the local autonomy ofdiverse identities, each area can adapt democratisation into its own circumstances.”


Like Öcalan, the DTK hopes that the assembly system will take over many ofthe functions ofthe state:


“Some functions—economy, judiciary, defence—would remain at the centre, but the rest– like education, agriculture, tourism– are to be devolved to the autonomous regions\dots{}The governing model that should be dominant in the world today is indisputably democracy. No government that centrally administers every street, neighbourhood, city and town can be legitimate; democracy requires the autonomy of local units.”9

\section{Democratic confederalism in practice in Rojava}


In 2003, the Democratic Union Party (PYD), aligned to the PKK and the movement for democratic confederalism, began to organise in Rojava. From 2005, people began to try to put the ideas ofdemocratic confederalism into practice. In August 2011 an umbrella organistion called the Movement for a Democratic Society (TEV- DEM) was formed. In October 2014, Janet Biehl interviewed Aldar Xelîl, reportedly one ofthe co-founders ofTEV-DEM, about the origins ofthe organisation:


“The story ofTEV-DEM is very long. In 2003 we mobilised under the name ofPYD. Up to 2005 we operated like a party. Then after 2005 we decided we couldn’t achieve social and political organisation in society as a party. We needed a different kind ofrooffor this. So we were on a quest, a search. After 2005 we left the political stuffto the PYD and organised society in an autonomous way, independent ofthe PYD.” 10


As the Syrian uprising against President Bashar Al-Assad gathered momentum in 2011, the PYD and TEV-DEM took the opportunity ofthe ensuing power vacuum to organise assemblies on a large scale, in the model ofdemocratic confederalism.


In 2012, as the Assad regime weakened, this movement was able to take control ofmost ofRojava from the regime, and take over government buildings, schools and hospitals. Rojava was organised into three autonomous cantons: Cizîrê, Kobanê and Efrîn.


To broaden participation in the movement,


the People’s Council ofWest Kurdistan (MGRK) was formed, made up ofdiverse groups and political parties. Meanwhile, some parties, many ofwhom are loyal to Massoud Barzani's ruling KDP in neighbouring Başûr, chose to remain outside this system in opposition.


The following page shows a diagram showing the system that's developed since then, based on the description by Ercan Ayboğa in Revolution in Rojava. The book is currently only available in German, but the English translation will be published this summer. The council system is shown on the left.


The Commune


The commune is the base level ofRojava's council system. In general, communes are made up of30-400 households in a city, or a whole village in the countryside. The entire population ofthe commune meets every two weeks, and it elects a board. The board meets every week, and all members ofthe commune are able to attend board meetings ifthey wish. All posts must be filled by a male and female co-chair. All representatives are recallable by the membership ofthe commune.


We visited a Mala Gel, or People's House, run by Şehit Hozan commune in Amûdê in Rojava's Cizîrê canton, where we spoke to the commune's male co-chair. Şehit Hozan commune represents 400 families in their neighbourhood who vote for the board of the commune. We were told that the commune has commissions dealing with services, economy, Kurdish language teaching, organising lectures, self-defence, reconciliation and justice.

\section{democratic}


Commune


Can include awhole village or from 30 to 400+ households in a street of a city.


Neighbourhood\Slash{} Villages People's Council


Comprised of the coordination boards of 7-30 communes, either in urban or in rural areas.


district People's Council


whole city\& surrounding land.


coordination boards of neighbourhood\Slash{} villages councils form the district people's council.


places are reserved for representatives of the organisations which are part of tev-dem, such as political parties, social movements \& civil societyorganisations.


People's Council of west kurdistan (MGRK)


made up of representatives of all district councils \& of the organisations which are part of tev-dem.


since 2013, mgrk could only meet canton-wide, butthere is good cooperation between cantons.


democratic federation of rojava -


CONFEDERALISM IN ROJAVA


commissions


democratic autonomous


defence


political


administration


economics civil society


free


legislative council


executive


society justice


ideology


women's council


council


municipal councils


most of the work of the communes \& people's councils is done through the commissions.


there is a separate Women's Council at everylevel.


there are women-only commissions which work together with the general commissions.


northern syria


part of the syrian democratic council \& the democratic federation of rojava - northern syria.


there are plans for the mgrk council of each canton to get 40\% of seats in the parliament (legislative council).


The commune's reconciliation and justice commission tries to resolve problems that arise between members ofthe commune. For example, we were told that the commission had recently been asked to mediate when someone was injured in a road traffic accident and when there had been a dispute about land ownership. We were told that often the commission is able to resolve these disputes.


The commune's selfdefence commission organises armed selfdefence ofthe commune. Commune selfdefence units operate autonomously from the People's Protection Units ofthe YPG and YPJ and the Asayîş security forces.


The commune also organises public meetings. We were invited to one ofthese, organised by Şehit Hozan commune. It was attended by over fifty local women and men and was on the themes ofanti-capitalism and feminism. The talk was given in Kurmanji (the Kurdish language spoken in Rojava) and translated into Arabic.


The Neighbourhood\Slash{} Villages people's Council and the District level


The board ofeach commune in Rojava sends representatives to the Neighburhood\Slash{}Villages People's Council, a body made up of7-30 communes. In turn, the Neighbourhood\Slash{}Villages People's Council elects a board, which represents them at the third level - the district level.


The district level is made up of representatives ofthe board from the second level, plus places are reserved for five


representatives from the political parties and civil society organisations within TEV- DEM.


We met the Democratic Youth Union in Kobanê, previously called the Revolutionary Youth, who are one ofthe civil society organisations who have places reserved for them within this system. They told us:


“The target ofour organisation is to build equality between men and women and to protect the environment. Our organisation is not just for Kurdish youths. We also have Arabic, Armenian and Turkmen members.”


People's Council of West Kurdistan (MGRK)


The fourth level ofthe council system is the People’s Council ofWest Kurdistan (MGRK), made up ofrepresentatives from all district councils and representatives of the groups within TEV-DEM. The MGRK is supposed to provide the coordination between Rojava's three cantons, but the current war situation prevents the MGRK from meeting together in one location.


Every level ofthe council system, from the commune upward, has a women's council. These women's councils are formed under the umbrella ofYekîtiya Star women's union (now called Kongreya Star). We met with Yekitiya Star in Kobanê. We were told that women from Yekîtiya Star were going to all ofthe communes in the area and organising trainings on women's empowerment.


The social contract


In January 2014 a social contract was agreed for the three cantons by 50 political parties and organisations. The agreement ofthe social contract was an attempt to bring wider participation to politics in Rojava. It emphasises gender equality and equal rights for all ethnicities, the right to be educated in one's own language and guarantees that those seeking political asylum will not be deported. The social contract invites other regions ofSyria to adopt the canton model and form self- governing regions that can work together in a confederation.


The social contract sets out a structure for the formation ofgovernments, known as Democratic Autonomous Administrations (sometimes called the Democratic Self Administration), in each ofthe three cantons. According to the contract, a legislative council is elected by the whole population, which in turn elects an executive council. At the time ofwriting elections have not yet taken place and the legislative council is made up ofthe parties and organisations that agreed to the charter, together with representatives of different ethnic groups.


We have heard plans for the MGRK in each canton to be allocated 40\% ofthe seats in the legislative assembly, integrating the council system with the Democratic Autonomous Administration.


Municipal councils were taken over when Assad's officials left in 2011. Under the new social charter these municipal councils will be managed by the relevant Executive


Council. The first elections for these municipal administrations were held in 2015.


The declaration of federation


In March 2016 representatives from Rojava's three cantons met in Dêrik, in Cizîrê canton, and agreed a formal statement offederation. This means that Rojava's three cantons are now part ofthe 'Democratic Federation ofRojava - Northern Syria' (DFRNS). The statement proclaims that the DFRNS aims


“to achieve a democratic and federal Syria, rather than a centralised administration, by taking into account the historical, geographic, cultural, demographic and economic characteristics when establishing democratic federations.”


“Self-administrative regions” within the DFRNS would organise themselves “based on councils, academies, communes and co- operatives.” 11


For a critical Syrian view on the declaration offederalism, read Kurdish activist Shiar Nayo's work.12


Although the movement for democratic confederalism in Rojava has its roots in the Kurdish struggle for autonomy, it is multi- ethnic. We met Arab and Aramean (Syriac) people, who were involved in both the communes and the Democratic Autonomous Administration (DAA) in Rojava. Places in the DAA are reserved for representatives ofdifferent ethnic groups.


\href{A\%20call\%20for\%20critical\%20solidarity}{\texttt{A call for critical solidarity}}


When we talk about Kurdistan, and particularly about Rojava, the debate is often sidelined into whether the revolution is perfect. We often debate whether society in Rojava is utopian, even while our own social movements are far from perfect.


The argument is often polarised into complete support for all aspects ofthe movement in Rojava or a position which says that the imperfections within the Rojava experiment mean that we should have nothing to do with it.


We would like to strongly argue for a stance ofcritical solidarity, to maintain a critical, undogmatic perspective which sees the social movements in Bakur and Rojava for what they are. To criticise the problematic aspects but also to be in solidarity with the positive, liberatory movements taking place, such as the resistance against Daesh, the struggles for autonomy, the fight against Turkish state repression, the movements towards feminism, towards building co- operatives and toward anti-capitalism.


These movements have the potential to transform society both in Kurdistan and in the Middle East.


But there are aspects ofthe situation in Rojava where we think it is important to maintain a critical perspective. For example, at the moment political parties, and their associated military and security organisations, hold a lot ofpower in both Rojava and Bakur. In both Bakur's DTK and the council system in Rojava, places are allocated for representatives ofpolitical parties. This ensures that political parties always have a voice within the structures of democratic confederalism, whether or not they represent the views ofthe people in the grassroots assemblies. The most powerful of these parties is the PYD, which, according to Shiar Nayo, has acted to suppress independent activists and those critical of the party's policies.12a


Many people within the movement say that political parties in Rojava are only there because the movement is in its infancy, and that in the future there will be no need for them, but they are obviously one place where power could consolidate itself.


Kurdish writer Ercan Ayboğa told us that he is hopeful that power will gravitate towards the grassroots:


“Political parties are instruments ofpolitical and ideological approaches which have a certain role. Their role has become in the last years slowly less significant in political life. Increasingly the different self-organised structures, women, youth and so on, have become more important. It's a slow process because over the decades Kurdish people thought only in the category ofpolitical parties and it takes time to make changes.”


Other bodies worth critically examining are Rojava's executive and legislative councils. In the theory ofdemocratic confederalism, these bodies should only carry out the will of the council system. But it remains to be seen whether power will remain with the grassroots, or gravitate toward the government level. As Kurdish anarchist Zaher Baher puts it:


“I got the impression that as long as the power of the DSA [Democratic Autonomous Administration] increases, the power ofTEV- DEM decreases and the opposite could be right too”.13


Also, the existence ofa centralised security force, Asayîş, which is largely independent ofthe council system, seems to run counter to the idea ofpower being with the grassroots communes. But in the context of the Syrian civil war and attacks by Daesh, good security is clearly necessary and we were happy about the frequent Asayîş checkpoints, which helped to keep us safe during our visit in 2015. Many in the movement, including members ofAsayîş, maintain that the organisation will dissolve itselfwhen it is no longer necessary.


Practical steps are being taken toward this end, with the setting up ofarmed defence forces by the communes. Bedran Gia Kurd ofTEV-DEM told us that TEV-DEM was engaged in providing support and training to the communes to set up their own defence forces. Because ofthis process, Asayîş does not have a monopoly on the use offorce in Rojava.


Perhaps the most powerful forces in Rojava are the People's Protection Forces ofthe YPJ and YPG. These forces have been key to the survival ofdemocratic confederalism in Rojava. However, there is evidence that they have acted oppressively in the past, firing on demonstrators in Amudê in 2013.13a Also, how many people in Rojava actually have a say about the alliances formed by these military organisations? One such example is the changing nature ofthe alliance with the US, which may be necessary for the success ofthe fight against Daesh, but which we would say, has the potential to threaten the grassroots social revolution in Rojava.


In 2014, when Kobanê was under attack by Daesh, the US, reluctantly and belatedly, began bombing in coordination with the YPG and YPJ. US air support was an


important factor in the liberation of Kobanê. Since then military co-operation with the US against Daesh has increased.


Many people in Rojava have a critical perspective on the alliance. When we spoke to Bedran Gia Kurd ofTEV-DEM, he said:


"There is daily coordination with the US military as our enemy is the same, but there is no long- term agreement. There is no guarantee for this coordination. It is temporary. Maybe in the future there won't be this coordination.


Coordination in the future will be on the basis of how to protect our principles. So ifthis coordination compromises our project, we will not agree to it."


But, as Zaher Baher points out, Saleh Muslim, PYD co-chairperson, in an interview with the Washington Kurdish Institute, has put forward a different point ofview: “America is a superpower that fosters democracy globally, and tries to develop and disseminate it throughout the world.”14


Other PYD figures have called for international business investment in Rojava, seemingly without recognising that it would threaten the moves toward an anti- capitalist, cooperative economy in Rojava.15


Ofcourse, these statements by politicians may be intended as pragmatic steps toward gaining international support for their struggle for autonomy and fight against Daesh. But, at best, these politicians are playing an extremely dangerous game. At worst, they are completely at odds with the anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist elements ofthe movement.


Another issue is that ofthe reverence for the figure ofAbdullah Öcalan. In almost every interview we carried out about democratic confederalism people would say that their ideas come from their leader. This habit of deferring to Öcalan runs counter to the ideas that the grassroots have the power to shape society themselves. As Zaher Baher puts it:


“For some time, Abdullah Öcalan, in recent books and text messages, has denounced and rejected the state and authority. But until now I have not heard that he has rejected his own authority and denounce those people calling him a great leader and who work hard to give him a sacred position. Öcalan’s attitude cannot be correct unless he also rejects his own authority and leadership.” 16


We have heard that some ofÖcalan's own work, which is thus far only available in German, does discuss critically his role as leader. We have not seen a translation of these writings. But the issue isn't only about whether Öcalan rejects a leadership role. It is that he is treated as a leader by many within the movements for democratic confederalism. This is particularly striking in the women's movements where, on the one hand women say that they are for women's selforganisation, and on the other say that their ideas come from Öcalan.


We believe that the most useful solidarity with the developing movements toward democratic confederalism is not to either reject all ofthe positive steps being taken because ofthe movement's imperfections, or to only talk positively about them. Rather, we should remain a supportive and honest friend to the movement, a friend who does not shy away from taking action in solidarity with those fighting for a better


society, but who is also not afraid to speak honestly, openly and critically.


Grassroots movements with the capacityto change society


The movements for democratic confederalism in Rojava and Bakur are a place where anti-capitalist, feminist, anti- authoritarian and anti-state ideas are flourishing. They have the capability to transform the reality ofsociety for millions ofpeople. These changes are being made by people at a grassroots level, who are inspired by the ideas ofthe revolution, not by politicians or government institutions.


The establishment ofcommunes and assemblies in Bakur and Rojava has empowered people to make decisions over many areas oftheir lives which were previously controlled by the state. For example, since the establishment of communes in Rojava there have been creative attempts to construct new methods ofdealing with problem behaviour. As described above, each commune has a truth and reconciliation commission to deal with problems that arise in the community. For more serious incidents, such as murder, there is a 'people's court' at the district level, with judges elected by the commune, that hears the case. These judges still have the power to send people to prison, but, Ercan Ayboğa, a Kurdish activist from Bakur who has visited Rojava, told us in 2016:


“There are still prisons in Rojava but the number ofprisoners is very low. For example, in [the town of] Serekaniye the number ofprisoners is 20 compared to 200 in Assad's time. The courts try to avoid sending people to prison. They try to use


other measures like sending people to work in another area, asking people to leave an area for a certain period oftime, or arranging education or training for the accused person.”


However, according to Ercan, this system has been criticised by people within Rojava and people have been experimenting with an alternative, the 'justice platform'. In this new system the justice and reconciliation commissions can ask for support with serious problems by forming a justice platform. The justice platform is made up of 200-300 people from “women, youth, other political movements and other organisations from the neighbourhood. They discuss the case and try to reach consensus.”


The fact that no one force has a monopoly on the use ofviolence and that, in Rojava, the communes are developing armed defence forces may be a key factor in keeping power at the grassroots level. The fact that the grassroots are armed makes it more difficult for power to consolidate itself with, for example, the Democratic Autonomous Administration or the military.


Women's movements in Bakur and Rojava are perhaps the most inspiring element of the current situation in Kurdistan. When we were in Bakur and Rojava we met women who were determined to struggle against patriarchy, and it felt like there truly was an opportunity for changes to occur.


We met with a women's academy in Amed (Diyarbakır in Turkish) who were involved in organising against male violence. They told us that they worked with women affected by violence from their husbands and organised collective action against it. They also organised trainings on women's empowerment within their communities.


Women in both Rojava and Bakur told us that men did not simply accept these ideas, but that making change was an ongoing struggle.


The movements for democratic confederalism have also opened space for anti-capitalist ideas. The talks organised by the communes in Rojava, for example, are a powerful way to spread anti-capitalist ideas. The setting up ofco-operatives is an important way that people can be involved in creating grassroots alternatives.


According to German economist Michel Knapp:


“While in North Kurdistan [Bakur] the established communes and co-operatives operate under mass repression, in the liberated territory ofRojava there are efforts to create a new form of economy independent ofboth capitalist and feudal relations ofexploitation. This is being undertaken against the background ofthe drama ofthe Syrian war: thousands have been murdered and halfofthe population is homeless.” 17


Knapp goes on to quote Dr Dara Kurdaxi, an economist and member ofthe committee for economic revival and development in Efrîn canon, Rojava:


“We need new models for organisations and institutions. Those which are called collective, communal economic models, sometimes referred to as social economies. This is the method we are using as a foundation, so that the economy in Rojava can pick up and develop.”


The fact that there is a broad consensus that the economy should be organised along co- operative lines means that there is space


and momentum for the setting up ofco- operatives by the grassroots in Rojava. This is being done in a bottom up way by a diverse range ofcommunes and related organisations. For example, the Foundation ofFree Women in Rojava is currently setting up a number ofwomen's co- operatives in Cizîrê canton.


We have a lot to learn from these movements, and the first step towards solidarity is to educate ourselves. Many of


the groups we visited in Rojava asked for people from outside to come and learn about their movements. By making stronger connections with activists working at the base level ofdemocratic confederalism - for example, the communes, co-operatives and women's organisations - we can broaden our understanding and begin to forge genuine solidarity and also generate ideas and inspiration for our own movements.

\section{End notes}


1. A. Öcalan (2011), Democratic Confederalism, \href{http://www.freeocalan.org/wp-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.freeocalan.org\Slash{}wp-} content\Slash{}uploads\Slash{}2012\Slash{}09\Slash{}Ocalan-Democratic-Confederalism.pdf, Transmedia Publishing Ltd. 2. A. Öcalan (2011).


3. M. Bookchin (1990), 'The Meaning ofConfederalism', reprinted in New World Academy, 'Stateless Democracy' (2015).


4 and 5. A. Öcalan (2011).


6. \href{http://www.hawarnews.com/\%D9\%86\%D8\%AD\%D9\%88-\%D8\%A8\%D9\%86\%D8\%A7\%D8\%A1-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.hawarnews.com\Slash{}\%D9\%86\%D8\%AD\%D9\%88-\%D8\%A8\%D9\%86\%D8\%A7\%D8\%A1-}


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7. A. Öcalan (2013), Liberating life: Women's revolution, \href{http://www.freeocalan.org/wp-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.freeocalan.org\Slash{}wp-} content\Slash{}uploads\Slash{}2014\Slash{}06\Slash{}liberating-Lifefinal.pdf, Transmedia Publishing Ltd.


8. P. White (2015), The PKK, Coming Down From the Mountains, Zed Books.


9. \href{http://www.biehlonbookchin.com/dtks-autonomy-proposal/}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.biehlonbookchin.com\Slash{}dtks-autonomy-proposal\Slash{}}


10. From Janet Biehl's personal notes ofan interview with Aldar Xelîl (October 2014), kindly provided to Corporate Watch in 2016.


11. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}rojavanorthernsyria.noblogs.org\Slash{}english\Slash{}document-of-the-democratic-federal-system-of- rojava-northern-syria\Slash{}


12. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}syriafreedomforever.wordpress.com\Slash{}2016\Slash{}03\Slash{}25\Slash{}syrian-kurdish-activist-and-journalist-shiar- nayo-on-the-declaration-of-federalism-in-north-syria\Slash{}


12a. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}tahriricn.wordpress.com\Slash{}2014\Slash{}04\Slash{}07\Slash{}syria-on-the-syrian-revolution-and-the-kurdish-issue- and-interview-with-syrian-kurdish-activist-and-journalist-shiar-nayo\Slash{}


13. Z. Baher (2014), The experiment ofWest Kurdistan (Syrian Kurdistan) has proved that people can make changes, Libcom.


13a. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}tahriricn.wordpress.com\Slash{}2014\Slash{}04\Slash{}07\Slash{}syria-on-the-syrian-revolution-and-the-kurdish-issue- and-interview-with-syrian-kurdish-activist-and-journalist-shiar-nayo\Slash{} and


\href{http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/syria-kurds-pyd-amuda-protest.html}{www.al-monitor.com\Slash{}pulse\Slash{}originals\Slash{}2013\Slash{}07\Slash{}syria-kurds-pyd-amuda-protest.html}


14. Z. Baher (2015), Our attitude towards Rojava must be critical solidarity, \href{http://libcom.org/library/our-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}libcom.org\Slash{}library\Slash{}our-} attitude-towards-rojava-must-be-critical-solidarity, Libcom.


15. Z. Baher (2015).


16. Z. Baher (2014), The experiment ofWest Kurdistan (Syrian Kurdistan) has proved that people can make changes, Libcom.


17. \href{http://www.kurdistan-report.de/index.php/archiv/2014/171/13-privateigent}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.kurdistan-report.de\Slash{}index.php\Slash{}archiv\Slash{}2014\Slash{}171\Slash{}13-privateigent\dots{}} Translated by the Institute ofSolidarity Economics.

\chapter{PART 3: democraticautonomy IN BAKUR}

\section{An Interview with the democratic societycongress (DTK)}


The democratic autonomy movement in Bakur is part ofthe wider movement for 'democratic confederalism' in Kurdistan. The most well known example ofthe application ofthe ideas ofdemocratic confederalism is in Rojava. However, people across the border in Bakur have been putting the ideas ofdemocratic confederalism into practice since long before the Arab Spring.


The Democratic Society Congress (the Kongreya Civaka Demokratik or DTK), set up in Bakur in 2007, acts as an umbrella organisation, and aims to establish democratic confederalism in Bakur. We interviewed Hilmi Aydoğdu and Hasan Hüseyin, both directors ofthe DTK in July 2015.


Corporate Watch: Can you tell us about the structure ofthe DTK?


DTK: The DTK is an umbrella organisation which includes political parties and different organisations in North Kurdistan. Its aim is to build a new society in Kurdistan, a way oforganising ourselves and also to practise how democratic autonomy will be in the future. The DTK includes unions, workers' organisations, political parties, people with different beliefs, and those who are Armenian, Assyrian and Arabic, for example.


We have 501 delegates and 301 delegates are from the public, from the people living in the region, and 200 are reserved places for people from the parties, social organisations, the municipalities and non- Kurdish delegates. To elect the 301 delegates we made elections in the cities. The number ofdelegates is proportional to the number ofpeople living in each city.


We are trying to make a balance. For example, there is a quota for Armenian delegates [in the DTK]. Only the Armenians vote for their Armenian delegates. Same for Assyrian people and others. They choose their own delegates. They are also able to vote for the other [regional] delegates.


In the DTK the delegates have to be 50\% women. This is an obligation. And there has to be a female representative in every part ofthe DTK. We have two representatives for each role, a man and a woman.


There are two co-presidents ofthe DTK and 11 others who are also heads ofthe DTK. They are chosen in the congress, which is now every two years. The 501 delegates choose who will be the heads ofthe DTK by voting. All ofthe delegates have one vote each.


There are different commissions ofthe DTK: ecology, economy, education,


language, public affairs, religion, culture, science, diplomacy, women and youth commissions. We are trying to be an answer to the problems in our society and to the problems that we see in the region.


There are a minimum of15 people in the commissions, and a maximum of21. Every commission has two co-presidents. First the delegate says which commission they want to work in, for example ecological, and if someone has a proficiency in, for example, economy, the director says that you will be better in this commission. The exact decision will be in the general meeting with all delegates. After people are chosen they write something about what they will do in the future. Then every month they have to give a paper to the DTK about what they have done and what they will do next. The delegates have to stick to what they said they would do.


The DTK has their congress every two years, and every three months they have a general meeting with 501 delegates. In this general meeting, all ofthe commissions have to give their reports and say ifthere are new decisions about their commissions.


The DTK began in 2007. But before the last congress the DTK was made up ofjust 101 people and the meetings were once every six months. In the last congress, nine months ago, we decided to increase the number of delegates to 501 to make it more democratic.


The DTK is a legislative part ofthe Kurdish movement. Because ofthat, all ofthe political parties and municipalities have to listen to the DTK’s decisions. The parties and municipalities have delegates within the DTK and they are in this process also.


Most ofthe time the DTK gives just a general perspective about problems in society, the general point ofview. It doesn't tell people what they should do in their local places.


CW: Is the DTK repressed by the Turkish government?


The Turkish government is trying to stop all ofthe Kurdish movements. They put pressure on us. but it’s not just about the DTK. They close our political parties, arrest our co-presidents – it happens to all ofour movements.


We must understand that ifwe are doing something for the Kurdish freedom movement, then all ofthe parts ofour organisations have to fight against the system. In our organisations everyone makes their own decisions. We are trying to rebuild democratic autonomy. But we are in a Turkish system where we have to struggle to do this. Their laws, borders and army are forced on us. We are trying to overcome the borders oftheir system. It’s a way to change the system and struggle against this system.


CW: Can you talk about the movement for democratic autonomy?


Democratic autonomy is something that can enable all ofthe people who are living in Kurdistan to make their own decisions.


There is a really strict centralised system in Turkey which doesn’t work for us. In that system people living in Turkey can’t decide for themselves. For example, there are people from many different ethnicities and religions who can’t decide on their own regions’ problems. They have no way to be involved in decisions. Democratic autonomy could be a way to decide for ourselves.


The main issue for the Kurdish freedom movement is to rebuild a democratic society. It’s not just about this region. We believe that ifwe succeed, all ofthe other parts ofTurkey will see what we are doing and want the same thing. First we will rebuild this new life for ourselves and after that it will be for all ofTurkey.


Democratic autonomy is a model for all of Turkey. It is the most equal system.


CW: How can democratic autonomy work when you still have a a central government?


Ifyou develop democratic autonomy then at the same time the central government will lose its power. The locals will decide what they need.


Ifthey decide that they need police, they will make that decision. It won’t be like now.


The central government won’t have this power, they will just continue to manage a little and coordinate between the different autonomous regions. All ofthe power will be at the local level.


Democratic autonomy is not a structure from top to bottom. The most important thing is that the people are organised. The local people in the streets and countryside make their own councils and decide about themselves in these councils. It is horizontal. With these communes people make their own decisions. They learn not to get their needs from the central government. They are working for their own needs. In 2004, these councils began to be set up. Not just in villages but in many districts and cities. People working for the party[1] in local areas came together and made a space for people to organise.


CW: Where did the idea ofdemocratic autonomy come from?


The Kurdish movement wants to make a democratic society. Democratic autonomy is the first step toward a democratic society. It is a model for this society. In the 1990s we said we wanted to this. The street councils were the first step towards this.


CW: Is the system ofdemocratic confederalism in Rojava the same as what you are doing here?


Ofcourse one is similar to the other and they are from the same perspective. But there is one difference. We are trying to build this system but in Rojava they have already built it.


CW: Is there representation for LGBT people within the DTK?


The DTK includes the HDP [The pro- Kurdish People's Democratic Party] and LGBT people have a quota in the HDP. In the DTK there isn't representation for LGBT people now, but we don’t discriminate. They are welcome to join us.


CW: How would you prevent countries such as the US from interfering with the societies that you are trying to create?


The Kurdish struggle is not a new struggle.


It started 40 years ago. It’s not just in this region, it’s not just Rojava and Bakur. It's in all four parts ofKurdistan. Until now we have some tactical considerations, but we mustn’t forget that the main power is the self-power ofKurdish people. Our leader, Öcalan, said that there are two systems: one system is capitalist modernity and one is democratic modernity[2].


From the 70s the leadership ofthe PKK struggled against the imperialist Turkish government and the other imperialist governments. Other countries support the Turkish government in political and diplomatic ways. They have tried to stop our struggle but we have created the revolution in Rojava.


We need the revolutionaries, the democratic people living in Europe, to support us because all people who believe in democracy have to work together.


In Rojava, the US supported us, but only after a long time. Yes, they sent their planes but after maybe 45 days. It was the self- power ofthe YPG and YPJ [People's Protection Units] that was successful.


CW: What can we do outside ofKurdistan in solidarity?


The PKK is in the list ofterrorist organisations in Europe and the US. We want people to campaign to remove the PKK from this list. We think this is the first priority.


We believe that ISIS is a great danger, not just for the Kurdish people and Rojava but for all the world. In the Middle East the Kurdish people can stop ISIS. Ifyou help us to change the PKK's situation in Europe, maybe it can be a support not just for Kurdish people but also for life in the future. ISIS will not stop. They will try to do more and more. Solidarity is not just for Kurdish people but for all ofthe world.


Notes:


1. People in Bakur often refer to 'the party' without stating clearly which party they are referring to. This may be because there are a constellation of closely aligned political parties, civil society groups and social movements working toward shared goals. The movement for democratic autonomy is supported by the People's Democratic Party (HDP), who have 59 seats in the Turkish parliament and are in control of many municipalities in Bakur. Another party, the Democratic Regions Party (DBP), does not stand in elections, but works toward the establishment ofdemocratic autonomy. The PKK also supports it.


2. In Abdullah Öcalan's writing, the term 'capitalist modernity' is used to describe the Western capitalist system, which he says was imposed on the Middle-East in the 19th century. 'Democratic modernity' is the term used to describe the alternative model ofsociety he is proposing.

\section{A conversation with the Wan Economic commission}


The DTK has set up a number ofregional commissions to deal with areas such as ecology, economy, education, language, religion, culture, science, diplomacy, women and young people.


We interviewed Mehmet Cengiz, Doğan Çelikbilek and Rıza Tan from the Wan (Van in Turkish) Economic Commission, which was set up by the DTK. (See the previous interview to learn more about the DTK).


Corporate Watch: Can you tell us about the work ofthe Economic Commission?


Economic Commission: The spirit ofour work is Mr Öcalan. With his ideas and his books, we try to establish democratic autonomy.


We have different commissions for specific areas under the umbrella ofthe DTK. For example economy, ecology, religion, culture, law, education, health and gender. We are the Economic Commission.


In Wan, we started by organising five workshops and after that we organised a conference on the economic politics of Kurdistan. After the conference we established an Economic Commission in Wan and tried to organise in all ofthe city. We cooperated with the mayors and local government in Wan [Wan municipality is held by the People's Democratic Party (HDP), which supports the movement for democratic confederalism].


Ifwe talk about our ideology about economy, in socialism the main organisational ideology is collectivism. In our ideology and way ofwork, our ideology


is communalism. Capitalism is individualist, so we try to establish something more communal and more public, consisting ofall ofthe public. Ifwe can do this in the economy and other places we will be able to say we have been successful. Capitalists think ofKurdistan as a big market. People in Kurdistan cannot produce the things they need. They produce for capitalism and sell for capitalism and export.


Our main concern is that we need to free our land, energy and water, and then we can be free. We will make them communal for everybody. They will be common, not private.


With communes, public assemblies, co- operatives and unions, we try to build democratic autonomy. What is important for us is local produce. People who live here must produce something and consume it as well. Instead ofbeing a market for capitalism and industrialism, we need to be more productive.


We are just at the beginning. Maybe we will make some mistakes but after a while, with experience, we will be successful. We are lucky, thank god, that capitalism isn’t very strong in Kurdistan, not as much as in Istanbul, Ankara and other countries in Europe. We will start with the villages, not the cities. Our work is more about the villages and the countryside.


CW: What have you done so far?


We depend on an organised public. For this we need assemblies. We are setting up four honey


co-operatives in the villages - this region is famous for its honey. We have also opened a market.


We are thinking ofestablishing markets in other places. We are interested in other experiences too, like Kibbutzes in Israel and


Spanish Mondragon co-operatives, and lessons from Latin America. We have studied and critiqued the Soviet kolkhoz and sovkhoz co-operative systems from an anti-state perspective.


CW: What will you do after establishing co-ops here?


We are going to create our own markets, avoid the intermediaries and provide for our own people. For example, we will create public open bazaars. With local bazaars we are going to give life to those communities and co-operatives. Ifyou go to the bazaar in Wan now, you will see that everything is from China. Ifwe have a local bazaar and we produce our own honey and eggs in the villages, we will sell it. Our co-operatives don’t produce as much as they can, they just produce as much as they want and need. If the villagers can live from it, it will be successful.


Our co-operatives are going to be built as


[image]


A food market run as a co-operative in Wan. Photo by Corporate Watch, July 2015.


communes. Our goal in the villages is for all ofthe families to be part ofthe co-operative. There can be some exceptions iffamilies don’t want to be part ofit. But we want at least 60\% offamilies to participate in it.


Every family will be part ofthe assembly. The participation ofwomen should be 50\%, and a minimum of40\%. We want equality. Some villages are very conservative so this can be difficult to achieve, but we are doing this step by step. We look for equal existence.


CW: Will the co-ops make a profit?


Ofcourse they will make what they need, but ifthey produce more than they need they will sell the surplus. They will share the profits equally. Everyone is equal in a co- operative. For example, ifthey are given 100 sheep and there are 20 houses, each house will get 5 sheep. All ofthe communes will own the tools to make the produce. Ifthey need something, they will buy it together.


CW: Tell us about the village assemblies?


There is an assembly, for example, of250 people. 10\% ofthe assembly form the council ofthe assembly. Two people, one man and one woman, are spokespeople on behalfofthe assembly. Ifthey want they can choose two women, but never two men. In Mr Öcalan’s ideas, he says that women are the main producers and that the economy depends on women. Ifwomen take part in economics, the communal economy will be more powerful.


Every six months there is a small election and they choose their council and spokespeople. There are some ethical rules, some written, some unwritten. Ifsomebody


does something bad, the assembly can have a meeting and decide about that problem. In the assembly there is a small jury, known as the Commission ofJustice. You bring your case there. It can be about anything.


Don’t think that assemblies are just about the work ofthe economy. The main idea of democratic autonomy is less government and state, and more public, more communes.


Nowadays the state controls justice. Prosecutors and judges decide alone. We don’t do it like that. We have a culture and history. For example, in a village ifthere’s a problem, the older people sit and talk about it and they have an idea about how to solve it. We have tried to create the same thing. The Commissions ofJustice mainly consist ofelderly people and cases don’t go to the government. They try to sort out the problem without government involvement. The Commissions ofJustice are elected, but some people can not be in that commission. There are ethical and political rules. You must be someone who is expected to work for the equality ofeverybody. For example, there are some village guards in the villages [the village guards are a paramilitary organisation armed by the Turkish state to counter the PKK]. A lot ofthe time they work with the government and work against Kurdish people. So villagers would not want them to be in the Commission of Justice. It’s up to the villagers to decide who shouldn’t be in the Commission ofJustice. Another example is that ifsomeone has four wives, the women ofthe village possibly won’t want that person to be part ofthe Commission ofJustice. These rules are created by each village and each assembly.


Ifa decision is about the village, the village decides. Ifit is bigger, the village depends upon the assembly ofthe town. For example, there might be a problem about water catchment. Ifit’s a problem concerning four villages then the four village assemblies talk together about the problem. Ifone village doesn’t let another village have water, ifthis can not be sorted out it would go to the assembly ofthe town. Or we have institutions such as the municipality, the mayor and the state to sort out technical problems. But ifit is about people then the assembly ofa town can sort it out. In the assemblies there is the spirit of organisation. People making laws in Ankara aren’t efficient. People ask for help from the government but it doesn’t sort out the problems.


There are big fights about land, caused by the government. In the past the government came and divided up land, creating clashes with local people. This is a problem ofthe last century. Since the establishment ofthe Turkish Republic the government has created these problems in all parts of Kurdistan. Ifyou have assemblies, you can sort out these problems more easily.


Everyone knows who has owned the land historically.


CW: How does democratic autonomy work on a regional level?


Every neighbourhood and village has their own assembly. Every assembly has their council [a group ofrepresentatives elected by the assembly].


CW: How often do the assemblies meet? The council meets once per week. The


assembly meets each month but ifthey need to they can call more meetings.


Spokespeople and the council can invite the assembly for a meeting.


CW: Do you speak to the other assemblies when you set up a co-op?


In the assembly, all parts must cooperate with each other. For example, ifyou open a co-op, you need a perspective about gender. Ten men cannot open a co-op. This perspective comes directly from Mr Öcalan. For the economic aspect, ifwe want to do something about agriculture, the ecology organisations must teach them about land, about organic food, about medicines.


CW: Do you face difficulties in your work?


There are some difficulties. Our institution is very new. We don’t have money, we don’t have buildings, we don’t have tools. We need volunteers. We don’t have a salary. We just work as volunteers. Sometimes we need the help ofthe municipalities, mayors. We don’t even have cars to go to the villages.


CW: What is your relationship with the state and corporations?


We try not to accept money from the state. When they give money, they try to control you. But ifsomeone gives money without any conditions, this is okay. Companies, too, could take our co-operatives and close them or change them. We don’t accept companies in the co-operatives.


We have mayors. Ifwe want to, we can ask them for help. But we don’t do it. We get the villagers to come and do it together. We


don’t accept the ideology ofcapitalism. We try to do something with the public and with people.


CW: How do you protect yourselffrom the state?


I have been in prison because I couldn’t protect myselffrom the state. There is a lot ofoppression by the Turkish government all the time, everywhere. They arrest us, they kill us, but our ideas spread amongst the public. For us, the spirit ofthe struggle is important.


Maybe they can close institutions like political parties, but the ideas continue. In 2008, we tried to establish communes and co-operatives and they arrested more than 10,000 people, but still we are continuing. They have to accept it. In our opinion, all of these things are legal. According to Turkish law they may be illegal, but in natural law these are very simple things and they are our rights.


CW: What about the government imposing things like dams which destroy your projects?


Ifthe government imposes something and tries to throw us offthe land, we will fight. Guerillas can also fight and not let them build. The right ofselfdefence is a part of democratic autonomy. For example, in Meskan Hill in Colemêrg they tried to open military bases and we protested and struggled against them. Some protesters were killed but we stopped the military base.


The Turkish government looks at the peace process as a tactical question. Their aim is not a solution to the Kurdish question.


Their aim is to be permanent in Kurdistan. Whenever Kurdish people are close to freedom, the Turkish government doesn’t want them to be free.


CW: Can you tell us about the academies?


We are going to open an economic and ecological academy in one month's time. An academy on gender and jineologî [a Kurdish term for 'women's science'] is already established.


We need money and locations so it’s really hard and sometimes the government arrests people. The purpose ofacademies is that ifwe are trying to build an alternative economy we need to share.


We don’t teach, we share. When we say academy, we don’t mean university. Our academy is for everybody. We teach ordinary people. Our biggest academies are in the mountains with the [PKK] guerillas.


In our party everyone who works in the field has to have lessons on gender. In Wan we have two Economic Commissions, one is just for women, one is mixed. There are currently ten people in 'our mixed Economic Commission, seven men and three women, but we are working towards more women joining.


CW: Who determines who is part ofthe Economic Commission?


The DTK decided who was on the Economic Commission for Wan. They came to the city and took recommendations and names.


Now the members ofthe commission are elected.


After the city Economic Commission, the Wan Economic Commission will build the towns’ commissions. To work in those commissions you have to have knowledge to share.


We don’t talk about education like that ofthe state, like those with a PhD. We talk about experience.


Someone who can only write their name can teach you a lot. In our system, education is a mutual relation. You take and you give.


CW: Can you tell us about the system ofco- mayors?


There are two mayors here in Wan, a woman and man. Both are members ofthe council ofthe assembly. The state has sued people [for standing two candidates for mayor] and they won the case. Legally we can only have one mayor. But in the future they will have to change the law. This is civil disobedience. We think that they will have to allow it in the end.


CW: Can you tell us about your relationship with the municipalities?


In the assemblies, we share the power. With municipalities it’s not like that. Their power comes from the state. Our idea is not just about services, water, electricity. It’s bigger than this. The Turkish system of administration comes from France. It's very centralised, and the municipalities don’t have much autonomy.


The mayor is a part ofour assembly and our assembly has rules. Ifhe or she disagrees with the assembly and exerts their power, we can not accept them as a mayor. But sometimes mayors don’t want to share their power. Just because they’re our mayor doesn’t mean that they are a 100\% good person. Mayors are dependent on the DBP. The party and DTK can persuade them to share power. But we don’t want to have to force them.


For example, the women’s movement forced the council officers to start to employ women. We forced the municipality to provide the tools and equipment to make the honey in our co-operatives. They said it’s illegal, but we persuaded them. Sometimes we talk to the mayors and convince and persuade them.

\section{workers' co-ops in the Wan region}


In June 2015 we visited several co-operatives in the Wan region (Van in Turkish). They were set up with the support ofpeople from the regional Economic Commission ofthe Democratic Society Congress (DTK), the umbrella organisation which aims to achieve democratic autonomy in Bakur. The DTK sees the setting up ofco-operatives as part ofthe creation ofa social economy, aimed at fulfilling people's needs rather than the pursuit ofprofit.


We visited a new shop, Medya co-operative, in the city ofWan and spoke to one ofthe people working there:


“The market has been open one week [We met with them on 28 June 2015]. What you see here is just the beginning but our vision is different. We haven't got local or organic products yet. We have got cheese made in Yüksekova but it's factory produce - it's not made by a co-op – but we will find products from the local area. Our aim is to have 60\% local produce. The co-op was bought and we own it. To raise the money to buy the shop, people paid 200 Turkish Lira [around £50] each for a share. They will get money back at the end ofthe year. There is no management at the moment but later we will choose two managers. The shop is a collective. There are 70 people in the collective but our aim is to have 2,000 members. When you look at the shop now, it’s like a normal market, but we will try find local organic


Above: A honey co-op in the Wan region. Photo by Corporate Watch, July 2015.


produce. The idea is Abdullah Öcalan’s: in Kurdistan we don’t have our own economy and we decided we should have. This is the first co-operative like this in our region.”


Then we drove out into the mountains, past lake Wan, the largest lake in Turkey. We visited the local office ofthe Democratic Regions Party (DBP), a party which supports the movement for democratic confederalism. They took us to the village ofKayalar where we visited a new farming project growing beans and nut trees, which is commonly owned by a youth co- operative of10-20 people. They have 12,000 square metres ofland, where they have begun to grow food to sell in the markets in Wan or Westan (Gevaş in Turkish). The project was established in April 2015, at the instigation ofa youth collective in the village. We were told that the project has no boss and that all decisions are made collectively. The land was donated to the youths by the DBP.


We visited a nearby project where nut trees have been planted. The trees were planted by the village commune with financial help from Wan municipality. Wan's municipality is held by the People's Democratic Party (HDP), which also supports democratic confederalism. It is a new project and the nuts will be harvested for the first time next year.


We spoke to Bayram Nihal, who said that he was one ofthe owners ofthe land before it was collectivised. He said that he and others donated the land to the DBP, and the DBP distributed it to the commune. The project is one ofseven co-operative projects in the region where the land is administered by the DBP. One ofthe women who showed us around the land told us that, “men and women work together on the land as our party is for freedom.”


We drove along the winding roads, deep into the mountains alongside Lake Wan. Our Kurdish friends were keen to tell us the Armenian names for the villages that we visited, and spoke about old churches in the region which had belonged to the Armenian population that was wiped out in the Armenian Genocide. In the 1990s the Kurdish population was expelled from the area by Turkish soldiers. People returned to the village ten years ago. We visited a honey co-op in Xorotis (Anaköy in Turkish) where organic natural honey is produced. The co- op is one month old. It’s commonly owned and the bee hives were donated by Wan municipality. Again, we were told that both men and women work in the co-op.

\section{An Interview with the Women's Academyin Amed}


In the summer of2015, Corporate Watch visited the Women's Academy in Amed (Diyarbakır in Turkish). We interviewed Figen Aras about women's movements in Bakur. This interview discusses jineolojî, a term first coined by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) leader Abdullah Öcalan in his 2003 work, The Sociology ofFreedom.


Jineolojî means 'women's science'. Öcalan emphasised the need for a women's social science to challenge patriarchy.


For a more comprehensive description of jineolojî and the politics ofthe women's


movement, see Jo Magpie's article, A Very Serious Women's Revolution, later in this book.


CW: What are the Free Women's Congress (the Kongreya Jinên Azad or KJA) and the Women's Academy Association (Kadın Akademisi Derneği or KAD)?


Figen: The KJA is an umbrella organisation made up ofpolitical parties, co-ops, unions, and also feminist women’s movements. It's similar to the DTK [an umbrella organisation ofgroups committed to the ideas ofdemocratic confederalism] but it's for women. The Women's Academy is part ofthis umbrella. This academy opened in 2010. The main objective ofthe academy is to change women’s consciousness. We live in a region where nothing is allowed if you're a woman, and where you can find


Above: Inside the Women's Academy in Amed. Photo by Corporate Watch, summer 2015.


war, hope, victory and death all at the same time. In this academy we are trying to self- educate as women. We think we have a really important responsibility to stop patriarchy. Our struggle started with the PKK but we can say that the main focus is about the thoughts and the ideology behind the struggle. We have a lot ofthings to do.


We organise some education on the streets and within the [DTK] structures and we have organised some panel forums. We have written some books about the women’s movement. Lately we have worked on jineolojî and the ideology ofthe women's movement. We want to publish a jineolojî magazine and we'd like to share our ideas about women’s science to all ofthe women in the world.


We make some education with men also, especially around gender roles and gender budgeting [a process for creating budgets in a gender sensitive way, eradicating difference between men and women in how funds are allocated].


We also do work for elections when we need to. We support the struggle in Kobanê, and work in the co-operatives.


CW: Who teaches here?


We don’t teach anything. We only share with each other and we learn a lot together. We read and share what we’re reading, about issues such as an alternative history ofwomen; gender roles; the ideology of women’s freedom; the role ofwomen in achieving democratic autonomy and why women must be leaders in the struggle.


[Abdullah] Öcalan’s views are really important because they're both sociological and historical. He says what the problems are and how these problems can be solved. He says that unless women are free, society can’t be free. Women’s issues are the main purpose ofthe Kurdish movement.


CW: Are you volunteers here at the Women's Academy?


It is voluntary here. We have no relation with the government. We get no money from the government or from European projects because ifthey gave us money they would have power over us. We want self- determination. There are seven directors who run the place, but there are nearly 250 members. These 250 people support us by paying money regularly. This is important because we don’t accept money from other places. We organise autonomously.


CW: How many people use the academy?


The academy isn't just for Kurdish women – all women can come. Romani, Yazidi and Arabic women also use the academy. Within the directors, there are two Turkish women. And there are a lot ofvolunteers. The academy is open to all women but generally not men. Because ofthe system that we live in, it’s really difficult to find the women in ourselves ifmen are around.


CW: What is jineolojî ?


All ofthe mainstream sciences are based on the European point ofview, without feelings: they're just mechanical. They're positivist and elitist. The European view – that power is in Europeans' hands and that


people in the Middle East don’t know anything - is so elitist.


As women, we are establishing a different path. Jineolojî is the term that our leader Öcalan uses. Jin means woman in Kurdish. Öcalan says that all social sciences are based on men’s points ofview. Because ofthis, women have started to research and write their own history and have started to make an alternative social science. We are representing ourselves with our language, culture and literature. We want to find our rights as women.


CW: What’s the difference between jineolojî and feminism?


We are developing the women's struggle based on the feminist movement and ideology, and we are learning a lot ofthings from feminism in Europe and reading about women’s history in Europe. But feminism is a movement and jineolojî is a social science. We think feminism hasn’t had success because there is something missing. Feminism can’t make real relationships with people who are living on the ground and it can’t get past the obstacles put in its way by governments. We believe that ifwe develop jineolojî, maybe it can help the problems that feminism faces.


We have done some research about the history ofwomen but this isn’t the same history as what the government teaches us. We criticise the government, men, and all of the things that they teach us and which have shaped us.


We talk about organising the struggle from the point ofview ofwomen. It's an


alternative way to think about the women’s movement, independent ofthe government, and away from men.


Ifwe are talk about the Rojava revolution, it's a positive thing that women are fighting. But women didn't just get scared one night and decide to fight. It’s a 40 year struggle. It’s not just that they are strong against ISIS. The mainstream Western viewpoint just wants to show women fighting ISIS and doesn't explore why women are doing this. European people don’t know about the women's struggle here. They just see what the mainstream view shows them. The history ofthe struggle is like a shadow to people looking from outside.


In France, white French women wear the clothes ofthe women who are fighting in Kobanê. Models walk on the catwalk in these clothes. There is a war going on and maybe the women fighting are dead, but the fashion industry still does this. Our struggle is not a fashion.


CW: Are Kurdish women over the Syrian border in Rojava influenced by the same ideology?


Kurdistan is divided into four parts but it's the border that divides us: there's no division in our souls. So ofcourse we have relationships with Rojava. For example, some people’s families are there. We have the same perspective here in Bakur as people do in Rojava. The women fighting in Rojava accept Öcalan's ideology, and we can say that we are them and they are us. For


example, [Figen points to someone near her] her niece and nephew are fighting there. Amed and Kobanê are the same for us


– there is no difference.


CW: What is the reaction ofmen in daily life to the women’s movement here?


The men also follow Öcalan's ideology and in theory, there is no problem with men. But in practice it's different, and that’s why we are trying to educate them. They can’t think beyond the patriarchal and capitalist system. Because ofreligion, and because of capitalism, they resist.


For example, the men don't want the co- presidency system [the system where every important role in an organisation is performed by both a man and a woman] like we do. But they can’t say anything because they know it's the correct way. But something patriarchal that's inside ofthem ensures that they don’t like this.


With regards to politicians, women have a right to criticise male MPs. Both women and men decide upon the male representatives, but only women choose the female representatives.


CW: Are women prevented from coming to the academy by men?


Some men are scared ofwomen’s power and they know that ifwomen come here they will become more empowered. We are trying to form a relationship with the women directly, not with their husbands or fathers, and bringing them to the academy. Ifwomen get power, they will learn to say no to men. But we have more problems with elderly people, whereas the younger men


have started to work on themselves. There will be an evolution ofthe mind here in twenty years. We believe that.


CW: Is male violence and sexual violence against women a problem here in Amed? Do you self- organise to tackle this problem?


In the KJA all ofus have different work to do. In the youth movement especially, they teach selfdefence. Ifa woman comes here and tells us about violence, we take her to a structure which can protect her or support her, i.e. to lawyers, or to a safe house. We give her education to empower herself. We need to train the male mind not to use force and rape women.


CW: Is it possible to educate men?


Ifyou are talking about men from the HDP party, they come to us and want education. There are 9,000 men in the party. We share our ideas and information with them, rather than teach.


We have councils, the party, municipalities and unions in Bakur, so there are a lot of different structures that we can reach. For example, in this street there is a common council [grassroots assemblies ofthis kind have been set up all over Bakur], so they ask us for education and we go there and we speak with them. Or, for example, the [HDP held local] municipality asks us to come and speak to men working within the municipality.


CW: Is the work that you’re doing part ofthe process ofdemocratic autonomy?


We believe that ifwomen's problems aren't solved, and if women don’t lead the struggle, then we can’t make democratic autonomy here. We have to lead this struggle. We start with the streets, then cities, then the regions. First we learn that women are not objects, not slaves. We are trying to change the system with a women’s perspective.


Turkey is a good place to live but it’s extremely militarist. You could live here really well, but the problem is the people who lead us. The HDP party is one step to


show us that we can change this.


CW: Is there anything that people can do outside ofKurdistan in solidarity?


We see Öcalan as Nelson Mandela – his status is the same and we want his freedom. There is prejudice in European people’s mind so ifyou can do something to break this, that is enough. We also want people to pressure governments to take the PKK off the terrorism lists.


There is a women’s revolution in Rojava so it’s important to explain this to all ofthe women in world because it can give them the hope for freedom.


Women march on International Women's Day in Rojava, March 2016. Women's struggles in Bakur and Rojava are intrinsically linked. "We can say that we are them and they are us," Figen told us. Photo by Ali Kanea

\chapter{PART 4: democratic confederalism in rojava}


we visited rojava's cizîrÊ \& kobanÊ cantons in november 2015. our visit was very short - ten days in total. on our brief trip we were only able to see a small snapshot of the movements taking place. we believe that in order to fully grasp the situation, we would need to spend far more time in Rojavathan our ten days allowed. we hope that our interviews provide a small window into the experiences of some of the people involved in the movements for democratic confederalism.


we also include a contribution from jo magpie, who was part of awomen's delegation to rojava for international women's day in march 2016. jo spent two weeks in cizîrÊ canton.

\section{A conversation with TEV-DEM's Bedran Gia Kurd}


Whilst in Amûdê, we requested to meet a representative from the umbrella organisation TEV-DEM, which aims to implement democratic confederalism in Rojava. Bedran Gia Kurd, a friendly and enthusiastic man, agreed to be interviewed by us. We asked him how TEV-DEM was formed.


He replied:“This movement was established on the basis ofdemocratic confederalism. The ideas come from the ideology ofÖcalan. The first conference to declare the establishment ofTEV-DEM was in 2011. This system started from the council movement, and right from the beginning ofthe revolution, there were many civilians who helped to establish the system, along with the PYD [the Democratic Union Party]. People realised that a political party wasn't enough and that they needed a civilian movement. TEV-DEM is not only the PYD. There are so many organisations that take part. People mustn't think that the administration is just the government. All institutions are part ofthe government. TEV-DEM is the civilian institution ofthe government.”


Bedran told us that TEV-DEM coordinates the communes and council systems, and that these are the most important part ofsociety, “the basis ofour community”. He explained how these systems are structured. Two people are elected as co-presidents oftheir commune (one man and one woman). After that, there is a council for the whole neighbourhood, where two people are also co-presidents. Then representatives take part at city level. Finally, the co-presidents participate in the election ofthe council ofthe whole canton. From this election, co- presidents ofTEV-DEM are elected (one man and one woman).


We asked Bedran about the relationship between the Democratic Autonomous Administration (also known as the Democratic SelfAdministration) and the TEV-DEM movement. He told us that the two are closely related.


“The government is executive, legislative and judicial. All parts work together to form the Democratic Self Administration. We are two parts ofthe same movement.”


He stated that it is essential to educate people within the movement, and that there are many communes which are educating the population in establishing a democratic society based on democratic confederalism. He told us that they try to teach people about workers' co- operatives so that all people will learn to collaborate and cooperate with each other and improve the economy ofthe society.


He also talked about women and youths, and told us about Yekîtiya Star's role in ensuring that women take their full rights, and organise themselves and take part in institutions. (Read our interview with the women's union, Yekîtiya Star - now called Kongreya Star - later in this


chapter). He stated that youths are important in society, and that within the system of democratic confederalism they are able to take part and improve their situation for themselves.


We asked Bedran about the monopoly ofviolence, and whether the security forces and military, Asayiş and the YPJ and YPG, are the only organisations with weapons. Bedran explained that communes are being trained to protect themselves, as Asayiş and the military are not always available to protect the neighbourhoods.


We turned to the issues ofwomen and religion. We asked whether religious views are in conflict with the movement for democratic confederalism and the liberation ofwomen. Bedran replied:


“The system of TEV-DEM was established so that all religions and ethnicities can take part in the administration. For example, the Religious Body has representation in the government. The president is Muslim and the two vice-presidents are Yezidi and Christian. So there is no discrimination between religions. Our idea is to establish a democratic nation, and we're breaking old habits. Ofcourse there is a difference between Arabic and Kurdish people with regards to their attitudes towards Islam and women. Kurdish people are more moderate with their religion\dots{}We are not against religion; we are trying to understand it in the right way.”


Changing the subject, we turned to the topic ofimperialism. We were keen to ask Bedran whether he thought imperialist interests, either from nation states or corporations, would try to influence the democratic society that is being created, and whether he was worried about this. He replied with a smile that there was “daily coordination with the US as our enemy is the same” but that this relationship was not permanent and that “ifthis coordination compromises our project, we will not agree to it.” He went on:


“Economically, we've had no help from other countries. People in Rojava haven't accepted anything from the US or the capitalists. For example, when the US asks Turkey or the KRG for somethıng, they do it straight away, but when the KRG wanted the Peshmerga to fight in Rojava we refused. We have the will and determination and we will not accept any pressure on us to accept other agendas.”


Finally, we talked to Bedran about how people outside ofRojava can support their efforts for self-determination. Unsurprisingly, he stated that Rojava needs international recognition from states, and that they want help to break the siege on the borders with Turkey and the KRG. They also need economic support. We asked Bedran whether he would like to establish relationships, such as with workers' co-operative networks, in Europe. He told us that it is vital to exchange knowledge and that it's essential to make relationships with others in order to improve their projects. He told us with a smile, “our door is always open.”

\section{Averyserious women's revolution}


by Jo Magpie


I spent two weeks in Rojava during March 2016, entering as part ofan invited women's delegation ofactivists and journalists. Two friends and I spent about a week visiting women's justice, education, economic and defence structures, a health centre, academies, schools, and coordinating bodies in many cities around the region. We spent the second week participating in the daily life ofa space set up for international people by the TEV-DEM.


I have had great difficulty describing my experiences in Rojava. The questions I am posed inevitably come from a different basis ofreality, a different paradigm, than the answers I attempt to formulate.


Aside from questions about how dangerous our journey was, people generally ask variations ofthree main questions: “Is it really feminist?”, “How many people are involved?” and “How can we help them?”—but what I have witnessed is more than can be contained in an answer to any of these questions, and even an admirably well-meaning statement such as, “I want to support the Kurds in their struggle for independence” is, to me, inherently flawed. It misses the point, firstly that there are Arabs and people ofother ethnicities involved in the movement, and secondly that the movement doesn't want you to help it, it wants you to join it.


Above: Women in the Mala Jin (Women's House) in March 2016. A picture ofSakine Cansiz adourns the wall. Photo by Jo Magpie.


Many friends have commented on how surprising it is that a feminist revolution could happen “somewhere like that”. Actually, the women in the movement don't call this feminism, but I'll come to that in a bit. I have pondered on how this revolution came about in precisely this place and time, and reached the conclusion that it is in fact very logical.


The region known as Kurdistan has always been tribal, organised largely in the ashiret system


- a complex and diverse tribal organisation structure. Capitalism never quite arrived in Rojava in the way it has in Europe, in which large corporations, privatisation and advertising are omnipresent. Here, there are no multinational companies, no giant billboards telling you what to buy, and no real banking system. I've heard that there is one bank in the capital city, but I never saw any. Just like the neighbouring Kurdish region ofIraq, Rojava is an almost entirely cash-based society. People stash money at home under the bed, in a big hole in the garden, or who knows where. Strangely though, there's very little burglary.


Although there are some very entrenched 'mindsets'—one ofthe buzzwords we heard on our travels around Kurdistan—which make organising difficult, the population is uncorrupted by capitalism. The region has remained very bonded by community. I'm sure this has many glaring downfalls for young people seeking independence, and for those who have a different vision from their parents or tribe, but as far as establishing a communalist system goes, this isn't a bad basis to work from.


Perhaps if, during the time the Middle East was sliced up by predominantly British and French powers, the Kurdish people had been allowed to form a state oftheir own; or perhaps ifAbdullah Öcalan had not been captured and imprisoned in an international conspiracy, the region could have gained its independence, with a state like any other, and capitalism could have flourished.


But it didn't. Öcalan was imprisoned in 1999, subsequently came into contact with Murray Bookchin's ideas, and developed his ideology into democratic confederalism. He issued the 'Declaration ofDemocratic Confederalism in Kurdistan' in early 2005, from inside prison.


The Kurdish people remain the largest stateless nation on Earth. They have systematically been oppressed for generations, their language and means ofcultural expression banned. They have suffered genocides, chemical weapons, political imprisonment, torture, prejudice and enforced economic subservience—and I now believe that it is to some extent because of, rather than despite this history, that they have reached this depth ofunderstanding ofpower and oppression, and formulated real working systems to challenge them.


As any Women's Rights, Black Power, Indigenous Rights or Refugee Movement activist will tell you, it's very difficult to see and understand privilege ifyou have never experienced repression.


It's important for us to understand that this hasn't all popped up overnight. Women we met in Rojava often repeated to us that, “Kurdish women have been in struggle for 40 years.” Long before the first uprisings of2011, the Kurdish movements in the north ofSyria were already developing their systems and ideas. When the opportunity arose, they were already ready to put them into practice on a wider scale.


“We are not creating something new. We are waking up something that was lost inside, that was lost because ofthe capitalist system.”


As I mentioned earlier, the women's movement doesn't call this 'feminism', rather they see it as 'a heritage'. Women's history is seen in terms ofher 5,000 years ofenslavement, as put forward by Abdullah Öcalan, who writes that, “housewifisation is the oldest form ofslavery.”


Education is extremely important. A lot ofprogrammes, from the academies, to the health centres, to the refugee camps, are beginning to educate women about their history, and also about their bodies. Women have always had a deep shame oftheir bodies, we are told. They do not know their bodies. There are also mixed classes where they teach how to analyse men from the perspective ofa woman. Other subjects include the importance ofeducation, the nature ofsociety, the history ofKurdistan, the reality ofleadership (responsibility), and 'democratic nation', including classes on culture, ethics, law, democratic politics, the system ofRojava, legal self-defence and ecology-economy. Classes are also taken out into the community and organised within communes and councils, because, “When you understand the system, you have the power to change it.” Lessons generally involve debating and discussions, rather than the traditional top-down teacher-student format.


“The historic imbalance ofpower cannot simply be corrected by introducing quotas for women or the principle ofco-presidentship shared by one man and one woman. The confidence that men and women bring to the job will be diferent unless the confidence ofwomen is built up.”


– Delal Afrin, Head ofthe Women’s Economic Committee ofKongreya Star 1


Self-defence is also critically important. A recent introduction to the confederalist system is the HPC, an armed civilian defence force, organised autonomously by each ofthe communities. This is separate from the Asayîş, who are more like a police force, and the YPG and YPJ, who are more like an army. In Rojava, it's not uncommon to see an elderly woman in traditional clothing and head-scarf, an AK47 slung over her shoulder, protecting her community.


There is a whole philosophy ofbuilding up a 'militant personality'. This means firstly that you “break with the capitalist, patriarchal system, to cut yourselffrom that”. This is about taking responsibility for one's own actions, defending one's own identity and values.


“Women must be able to organise themselves from their own perspective. Why do we have this here? Because we have a radical women's association. Without having a radical analysis ofthe system, you're going to lose yourselfin the system.”


– Jineolojî Coordinator


Criticism and self-criticism are built into the system at every level. Women in jineolojî study and critically analyse feminist movements in other countries, as well as other kinds ofsocial systems, liberation movements and ideologies, including feminist, anarchist, socialist and libertarian movements and ideas. They also take influences from these. Jineolojî is a scientific approach to this, to bring all the thoughts and experience ofthe feminist movements under one roof. They have a deep criticism ofwestern feminist movements, which they see as reformist. I was very struck by the fact that these women are a lot more aware ofwhat we are doing in Europe, than we are ofwhat they are doing.


They also criticise themselves and their own movements in order to continually develop their ideas and systems. In many ofthe meetings we went to, people would ask us: “Do you have any criticism for us? Is there anything you think we can change?”


In Kurdish society, it's culturally very difficult for people to criticise, but people we spoke to stressed the importance ofsharing doubts and problems, in order to help people overcome difficulties. As a part ofthe educational structure, they are teaching people how to give criticism. This includes the ability to self-analyse when given criticism, and how to understand when someone is open to receiving it.


One ofthe people we interviewed at a women's academy told us that criticism is “the love you give for the other person, the love you give for the community.”


At first I really struggled with the omnipotence ofÖcalan's beaming face, most especially on the walls ofspaces where women are organising their own independent systems. Even during the several thousand strong march for International Women's Day, many ofthe women and girls marching were carrying banners, flags and pictures ofÖcalan.


Then I started to read Öcalan's writings. Here are some ofthe quotes which struck me the most.


“I have often written about “total divorce”, i.e. the ability to divorce from the five thousand years old culture ofmale domination. The female and male gender identities that we know today are constructs that were formed much later than the biological female and male. Woman has been exploited for thousands ofyears according to this constructed identity; never acknowledged for her labour. Man has to overcome always seeing woman as wife, sister, or lover – stereotypes forged by tradition and modernity.”


“The male has become a state and turned this into the dominant culture. Class and sexual oppression develop together; masculinity has generated ruling gender, ruling class, and ruling state. When man is analysed in this context, it is clear that masculinity must be killed.”


“The role the working class have once played, must now be taken over by the sisterhood ofwomen.”


“Woman’s freedom cannot just be assumed once a society has obtained general freedom and equality. A separate and distinct organisation is essential and woman’s freedom should be ofa magnitude equal to its definition as a phenomenon.” 2


As the leader ofthe PKK, Öcalan was given a lot ofpower, and he is essentially handing that power to the women, telling them to set up their own systems, separate from men, and that their situation in society is the most important thing. With this in mind, I can understand why he is so respected by the women's movement. This could also be the reason why, despite some inevitable resistance from men, these ideas have become so widely accepted—including by men.


“Ifthe woman is not free, the society cannot be free; ifthe society is not free, the women cannot be free” is a popular slogan, espoused by both men and women.


Sakine Cansiz, whose face also occupies many banners around Rojava, was one ofthe most key figures ofthe Kurdish Women's Movement, until she was assassinated in France in 2013. She was one ofthe people who formed the PKK jointly with Öcalan, and was there at the initial meeting ofthe party in 1978. It was she who began to create a separate military structure for women. Thanks to her, by 1993, a third ofthe PKK’s armed forces were women.


“In the 1990s it started with a physical cut,” a woman told us in the Mala Jin (the Women's House). The Mala Jin deals with justice issues around forced and under-age marriages, domestic abuse, second wives—all practises which have recently been illegalised—and family disagreements. She is referring to the establishment ofthe separate women's structures, which have developed into what we see today, and will continue to develop.


“This is not only for Kurdish women, we want this for the whole world.”


Across Rojava today, women are working together in councils and autonomous women's organisations, to create their own systems, spaces, and structures for education, health, justice, economy and defence, but above all, they are learning to love each other as sisters, and themselves as women.


Ofcourse, there is plenty still to be done. Rojava is far from a paradise, it's an active war-zone, with a large portion ofthe population still not involved in the new structures. All ofthis takes time, dedication and a complete shift in consciousness—something that has already begun and is clearly visible in the faces ofwomen, and in their pure and absolute sisterhood and solidarity.


To understand what's happening in Rojava, we also need a shift in consciousness, to understand the new paradigm that is emerging. And the first thing to do is to begin de- constructing our own understandings ofreality.


“How can we help them?” is perhaps not quite the right question to ask. “How can we learn from them,” could be a better question, or better yet, “How can I join them?”


As Nahide, a woman laying the ground for a co-operative where women from 18 communes will collectively grow food, tells us:


“What we have here is a very serious women's revolution. You have to leave your countries and come here.”


A woman from the HPC providing community selfdefence in Rojava. Communes in Rojava organise self defence independent ofthe security forces ofAsayiş and YPJ\Slash{}YPG. Photo by Jo Magpie, March 2016.

\section{End notes}


1. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}cooperativeeconomy.info\Slash{}economy- rojava\Slash{}womens-co-operatives-in-rojava


2. Killing the dominant male: Instituting the Third Major Sexual Rupture against the dominant male, Abdullah Öcalan - \href{http://www.pkkonline.com/en/index.php?sys}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.pkkonline.com\Slash{}en\Slash{}index.php?sys}


=article\&artID=230

\section{a conversation with konGREYA star}


In November 2015, Brighton Kurdish Solidarity interviewed Hevala Newroz and Hevala Sara of Yekîtiya Star (Star Union of Women) - now called Kongreya Star - in Kobanê.


Brighton Kurdish Solidarity: Can you tell us about Yekîtiya Star?


Yekîtiya Star was established at the beginning of2012. Our main role is to train women in their rights and to teach them that they can be free.


Many societies depend just on men, and in many countries it is only the men who are in power. Ofcourse, the women do everything


– work in the house for twenty-four hours and bring up children – but they have no rights. Women have to be a part in the revolution, in fighting ISIS and joining the


YPJ, in working in the house, and in working in administration roles. We are striving to make a society with a balance between men and women, and where women get an equal role.


We are trying to create a new society, with a different mindset. By educating both men and women, we believe that there will be a balance between them. The Syrian government installed its ideas in people's minds, so we're trying to change this.


BKS: Can you tell us about your philosophy and ideas?


Our philosophy comes from the PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan. He says that ifthere is no freedom for women, then this society will be a sick society. This ideology is not just for Kurdish women but for all women in the world. We've made relationships with women in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Germany and Palestine. They accept this ideology and


Above: Women from Yekîtiya Star in Kobanê.Photo by Brighton Kurdish Solidarity, November 2015.


they want to use it. In Palestine, women are creating a women's union like here in Rojava. They want to come to Kobanê to visit Yekîtiya Star.


BKS: Are there people in Kobanê who are opposed to jineologî?


Yes, there some people who are opposed to our ideology and philosophy. They don't cause us problems but they argue with us in a democratic way. There are both young and old men who are opposed to our ideology. We are not against men. We are not fighting them. We just want equality. There are many men who come to us and say that women need to be in the house and take care ofthe children, and that women don't need to work outside ofthe house. At Yekîtiya Star we want women to have the freedom to work both inside and outside the house. We want to make an equal society which will give freedom to both women and men.


BKS: Is Yekîtiya Star part ofa wider women's movement?


Yes, there are different parts ofthe women's movement: Yekîtiya Star union, the Women's House, and Mothers ofPeace. We complete each other and we work on the same projects for women. The Women's House is responsible for solving women's problems. Mothers ofPeace are formed of older women and they try to solve problems in an effective way without going to the police. Ifproblems can't be solved in the Women's House, they are taken to the older women to solve. Yekîtiya Star goes to the neighbourhood and gives lectures to people. All ofthese organisations fall under the Women's Body in the government.


BKS: What projects are you working on now?


We're now building a committee ofseven or eight people. Society always tells us that women can't have rights, that we have to stay at home. This committee will empower women to do what they want, to discover what is already inside ofthem. The committee's role is to go to neighbourhoods, to the street and villages, and speak to women about their rights and what they can achieve.


BKS: What is the situation like here for LGBT women?


[The women seem a little surprised by the question]. We haven't seen any gay women here in Kobanê. We haven't discussed this matter but ifthere is someone who is gay, they can join us.


BKS: Do you have connections with women in Bakur?


Yes, we have connections with the women in Bakur and they have visited us. We complete each other but we have more freedom than them. In Bakur they don't have so many rights.


BKS: Would you like to make connections with women in the UK?


Our movement is for all women ofthe world and we would be really happy ifwe can make connections with women in the UK. We're so excited that there is an interest in the women ofRojava and Kobanê. So if women from the UK want to come here, it would be great. We want people from all over the world to come and see our movement.

\section{A Meeting with Kobanê's democratic youth union}


In November 2015, Brighton Kurdish Solidarity visited young people from the Democratic Youth Union in Kobanê. We interviewed Zerdesht Kobanê (on the far right ofthe photo).


BKS: You were called the Revolutionary Youth before. Why have you changed your name to the Democratic Youth Union?


We're still revolutionary! We chose this name so that it would include all ofthe youths in Kobanê. We are now connecting with people through culture, sport and everything, not just through the revolution.


BKS: Can you tell us about the Democratic Youth Union?


It was formed in 2003, but the names have changed a lot. It was a secret organisation under the regime and many people were killed or arrested. There are many people ofwhom we don't know the whereabouts of, even now. Ifthe regime saw a member ofour organisation, they would arrest them. I was imprisoned for seven months during the regime and people were violent towards me during that time I was in prison.


The target ofthis organisation is to build a society with the right culture and politics, promoting the protection ofthe environment and equality between men and women. Our


Above: Some ofthe young women in the Democratic Youth Union. Photo by Brighton Kurdish Solidarity, November 2015.


organisation is not just for Kurdish youths. There are also Arabic, Armenian and Turkmen in Kobanê and all are welcome here.


We have about 12 committees and we fall under the TEV-DEM. We are in connection with the administration ofthe canton. We have committees for sports training, music, languages and more. Every committee does its own work, training young people. We also speak a lot about ideology. Youths always run away from politics so we try to give them training that they will find interesting.


We have faith in young people because it is the youths who have the capacity and force inside ofthem to make things happen. Throughout history, the best things that have happened in the world have been through young people.


BKS: Do you go to the villages to reach out to the youths?


Youths usually come to our building, but ifit's needed we send committees to the villages and we train people there. We can do our work under a tree or on the land.


BKS: You talked about ideology. Can you explain what your ideology is?


Our ideology is that ofAbdullah Öcalan. We have faith in his philosophy because he believes in equality for women and men, not just for men. He believes in the power ofwomen. Apo [the nickname for Öcalan] developed the ideology inside himselfbefore making it a philosophy for everyone. His revolution is a women's revolution. In all ofhis books he speaks about this. Öcalan's philosophy depends upon democratic equality, peace and freedom. He also talks about martyrs. Apo says that you have to go on the path ofthe martyrs because it is the martyrs who make our freedom and protect our lands.


BKS: Öcalan was deeply influenced by Murray Bookchin, wasn't he?


The ideology doesn't just come from Apo. It's from societies, history and philosophy that came before him. He takes ideas from philosophers, and he criticises and critiques. Apo has taken Murray Bookchin's philosophy and anarchism, and he has critiqued it and adopted the ideological part. Apo tells us to listen to his ideas, but to change them ifthey're not good. He doesn't force his ideas on us. So it's not just one philosophy.


BKS: Would you like to make more international connections with activists worldwide?


Our philosophy is not just for Rojava, it's for people all over the world. Our philosophy is not just for solving our problems, it's for the whole world. Problems are the same throughout the


world. We want to join all people in this movement. People are welcome to visit and see our philosophy, and we'd love to make connections with youths in the UK. We would like people to come and see with their own eyes what's going on here; it wouldn't be a burden for people to come here. And you can report it in the UK. But there are also so many organisations which come here and then don't provide us with anything.


BKS: Activists in the UK are very inspired by the Rojava revolution and want to support it.


Ifpeople in the UK believe in us and they are excited about us, why haven't they made a revolution against their governments? When Alan [the Kurdish child who died while trying to reach Greece] died everyone in the world cried, but why don't these people do anything practical to support Kobanê? We have a lot ofpeople like Alan. You have to do something practical, not just cry. People talk a lot but don't of er anything practical to Kobanê. The city is completely destroyed and no-one does anything. We need practical support so that people don't leave Rojava.


BKS: How can people support Kobanê?


There's a German organisation which is building a hospital for Kobanê, and another organisation which collects money for children ofKobanê. It's really important to help Kobanê by donating money or by rebuilding. It will help the revolution.


To read more about the reconstruction ofKobanê, see our article, Rebuilding Kobanê, later in this book.

\section{meeting the politicians}


During our stay in Cizîrê canton in Rojava in November 2015, we were introduced to five dif erent bodies ofthe Democratic Autonomous Administration (or the Democratic SelfAdministration): the Trade and Economic Body, the Foreign Body, the Women's Body and the Education and Environment Bodies.


In 2014, a social contract was agreed for the three cantons ofRojava and Legislative Councils were set up in the three cantons. According to the contract, a Legislative Council is elected by the whole population, which in turn elects an Executive Council. At the time ofwriting elections have not yet taken place and the Legislative Council is made up ofthe parties and organisations that agreed to the charter, together with representatives ofdifferent ethnic groups. This system exists alongside the council system in Rojava, which organises society through a network ofassemblies known as communes. In theory, the government bodies of the Legislative and Executive Councils should only carry out the will ofthe grassroots communes.


People who were organising our meetings in Rojava were keen for us to meet these politicians, despite our requests to meet with people in communes at the grassroots levels of organising. We believe that the reason for this is because the Democratic Autonomous Administration is eager to have international recognition and be seen as legitimate.


“The most important thing for you to do is to pressure your governments to recognise us as a democratic administration,” stated Siha Qaryoo ofthe Trade and Economic Body. “Currently no other country recognises us as an autonomous administration.” Since our visit to the Bodies, Rojava has succeeded in gaining more recognition from European countries. In February 2016, a Rojava consulate opened its doors in Moscow, and in April 2016, another consulate opened in Stockholm. Officials in Rojava have stated that they also have plans to open similar offices in London, Washington and Berlin, as well as in other Arab-majority countries.1

\section{Foreign Body}


We interviewed Ameena Oseh, the Deputy Vice President ofthe Foreign Body, who stressed, “we do not want to serve foreign interests.” She also stated that it is vitally important that the international world acknowledge the SelfAdministration. We asked her to explain the structures ofthe Legislative Council and Executive Councils ofRojava.


“All movements gathered and formed TEV-DEM. After that we announced the SelfAdministration and signed a social contract. The Legislative Council was formed, consisting of101 people and about 41 of these people are women. The Legislative Council is responsible for issuing the laws that organise society. The Executive Council is formed of21 Bodies and the people are elected from the Legislative Council.”


Ameena answered our questions about the siege on the borders and the limits on exporting and importing goods. She stressed that the population ofRojava isn't able to benefit from their 1,322 oil wells and 25 gas wells because ofthe political embargoes on the border and the banning on exporting the fuels. Ameena told us:


“There is a huge attack on us – not only military attacks on us, but also a siege on our borders. Our first demand is to open our borders. We are suffering from the siege because we have limited supplies. The KRG [ofIraqi Kurdistan] only lets journalists enter and no-one else. When the KRG has trade needs, it opens the border and takes what it needs from us, but doesn't allow us to do the same. The KRG specifies the places where we can buy goods, but these places are usually too expensive for us. The Semalka border with the KRG is only open for patients with severe illnesses such as cancer and kidney problems, but they won't let more than thirty patients leave per day. We need international pressure on Turkey and the KRG to open our borders.”


She stressed Turkey's role in undermining and trying to destroy Rojava:


“We never attack Turkey, but Turkey is always trying to attack us and our citizens. There are so many countries which have relations with Turkey, irrespective ofthese attacks on us. Turkey is trying to fight our experiment ofselfdetermination to make it fail. But we see it as successful. Kobanê was the first city to achieve victories against ISIS because ofthe people's determination and resistance. The outside world could put pressure on Turkey to lift the siege on our borders.”


We asked Ameena how international activists or organisations can support the self determination ofRojava. She told us that one oftheir biggest obstacles is that their equipment is too old. She said that they need improved equipment for providing necessities to survive such as for oil, heating and bread, and also for rebuilding Kobanê. She also stated that the weapons that they have for fighting ISIS are too old, and that Rojava is in need ofdevices to locate bombs and mines laid by ISIS. She went on to say:


“We are fighting on behalfofthe world because ISIS is not just a dangerous force here. Stability here means stability for the whole world. Your responsibility, and the responsibility ofthe world, is also to help us with supplying schools and health experts. We need ambulances, doctors, medicines, and advanced equipment for hospitals.”


Trade and Economic Body


We spoke with Siha Qaryoo, who is Syriac, and emphasised to us that Rojava is multi-religion and multi-ethnic. She told us that the Syriac language was banned under the Assad regime. She explained the set-up around the economy:


“In this administrative area, we have three bodies concerned with the economy: the Agriculture Body, which is concerned with agricultural issues in the region; the Energy Body, which deals with energy issues


in the region; and the Economic and Trade Body, which deals with the exporting and importing ofgoods to and from the KRG at the Semalka border.”


On our journey into Rojava, whilst we were crossing from the KRG, we had watched truckloads ofsheep being exported on large trucks from Cizîrê canton, whilst cement was being imported. We asked Siha about these imports and exports. She couldn't give us a clear answer, but stated: “People here are poor, and they can't eat meat a lot. This is why we export a lot ofit outside. If the KRG has a need for something, and we have it, then we export it.”


Siha emphasised the need for international solidarity:“We have people and workers here, but we need money to support projects, to build factories and so on. The Body cannot carry out projects because of lack ofmoney. We have economic schemes and programmes to establish factories, but we need support to implement them.”

\section{Environment body}


We met with Luqman Ahme, head ofthe Environment, Tourism and Antiquities body, and a member ofthe Green Party, in Cizîrê. He told us that the role ofthe Environment Body is to protect nature and water sources. He talked about the environmental problems that the people ofRojava face, and unsurprisingly, a lot ofthem stem from Turkey. Luqman said:


“We suffer a lot from Turkey's policies. Seventeen rivers have been blocked by Turkish dams. The depths of the rivers are decreasing. Turkey even built an underground dam in Ceylanpınar. The availability and quality ofour water is directly affected by Turkey because our water comes from there. We have two rivers that contain sewage. When water flows, schools have to close because ofthe pollution. The sewage comes from Nusaybin. A project costing 2.5 million Syrian pounds is underway to clean a river. We know that Turkey could continue polluting, but we can't leave it as it is. We also have information about nuclear waste that has been dumped into the ground in Turkey.”


Another big concern ofLuqman's was the effect ofthe oil industry on the environment and on people's health:


“There's a lot ofoil here, and it could be posing health risks to people here. One river runs alongside the oil pipelines and the water contains high levels ofpollution. This affects the villages because, unlike in the cities, they don't have water filters to ensure that their water is clean. The soil and ground are affected by this pollution too, which affects agriculture and growing plants.”


We asked him whether international environmental activists can help with the problems that they face in Rojava. He told us that they need expert groups to come to Rojava to measure levels ofpollution in the soil, water and air, and that they need the equipment to be able to measure the pollution. He also said that he wanted to connect with individuals or companies who specialise in solar energy.


Women's body


The Women's Body told us that they were established to represent all women's issues, and to support all women, whether they're Kurdish, Arabic or Syriac. They stated that their objectives are to fight all forms ofviolence against women, to construct a democratic family, to secure jobs and opportunities for women, and to make connections with women from other countries. “Our most important task is to make laws to protect women's rights,” Amina Omar, Head ofthe Women's Body, told us. “We have issued laws, and Kobanê canton took the same laws from here, and so did Efrîn. The laws are not just implemented here, but for all ofRojava.” She explained that the three cantons have the same political administrative systems, with coordination between the cantons, and that there are also Women's Bodies in Kobanê and Efrîn.


Amina gave us many examples ofprojects that they have undertaken over the past couple of years. They have succeeded in:


• Creating a safe house to help abused women.


• Calculating the number ofwidowed and divorced women in order to secure all oftheir needs; for example, medicines.


• Opening kindergartens for children.


• Opening a special needs home for children from 3-10 years old. There are currently 104 children with special needs. They stated that they had opened this home because ofrequests from the population.


• Opening an orphanage for children suffering from the war or who have difficulties in their families.


• Creating a psychological consultation centre to provide the families and people ofthe area with psychological support.


“We have undertaken these projects because they are an urgent necessity,” Amina told us. “It is our duty to provide women with anything they need.” She also explained about another project – a jam factory – which is being set up to support women economically. There are also plans for a home for elderly people.


We asked the Women's Body about patriarchy, and whether it is still prevalent. Amina replied:



\begin{quote}


“Since the Rojava Revolution, women have become both organised and liberated. Ofcourse, it will take a long time to change patriarchy, and there needs to be a continual fight against it. The Assad regime strengthened men's roles. The Kurdish men are more open-minded and they are more accepting ofideas ofwomen's liberation because these are also the ideas oftheir leader. He is interested in the role of women, and he believes in women's abilities.”



\end{quote}

\section{Education Body}


We were warmly welcomed by the co-heads ofthe Education Body, Samira Haj Ali and Aeed Haj. With big smiles, they told us that they are against discrimination ofall kinds. They explained that they are responsible for the education ofchildren from five years old. The Women's Body is responsible for kindergartens.


“At the start ofthe Rojava revolution, we thought about how to create an education system in Cizîrê canton and in the whole ofRojava. We are trying to change the school curriculum step by step, but we're in a state ofwar right now. According to the social contract, everyone has the right to study the school curriculum in their own language. This is the most important policy that we're implementing. People now have the right to be taught in Kurdish, Arabic and Syriac. Arabs will be taught in Arabic, and Kurds in Kurmanji. Children in the fourth grade and higher will be taught a second language as well. Kurdish is being taught this year, and next year Arabic and Syriac will be introduced into the curriculum. We are preparing for the next year's Syriac and Arabic curriculums.”


Samira and Aeed told us about the Mesopotamia Academy, attended by people who are over eighteen. It has been open for roughly three years, and students can study history, languages and sociology. There are also institutes to train teachers in Kurdish.


Unsurprisingly, Samira and Aeed stated that their greatest obstacle is the siege on the border. Their biggest problem is that they don't have a printing press, as both Turkey and the KRG have prohibited a large\Slash{}industrial printer from being imported to Rojava. Because ofthis, the Education Body have to use small office printers for all oftheir educational materials. They ended the meeting by telling us what life was like before the revolution:


“Under the regime, non-Arabic languages such as Kurmanji were banned. Before the revolution we had to live under one leader, with one language, as one people, and one flag. It was a fascist regime run by a dictator. Everyone in Rojava should now accept the rights ofothers to live in peace, to accept each other. We are a mosaic here.”


activists' perspectives on education in Rojava


Kurdish anarchist Zaher Baher, who visited Rojava in 2014, gave a critical analysis ofone aspect ofthe education system in Rojava:


“In the House ofChildren and youth centres, children are taught about new ideas, the revolution and many positive things that children need to be raised with in order to be useful members ofsociety.


However, these children are taught the ideology and the ideas and principles ofÖcalan and how great he is as the leader ofthe Kurdish people. In my opinion, children should not be brought up believing in ideology. They should not have teaching on religion, nationality, race or colour. They should be free ofthem and leave them alone until they become an adult when they can decide for themselves.”


Activist Ali Kanea visited Rojava in March 2016. She gave us her opinion on education in Rojava:


"Education is being transformed in Rojava at the most basic level. When the revolution began the old schooling system was wiped out and the gap left behind it is now filling up with groundbreaking initiatives. The Foundation ofFree Women in Rojava (Weqfa Jina Azad A Rojava), for instance, has set up five schools, and has five more in planning, which aim to bring up a youth committed to justice and equality. They provide education for children aged from three to six, teaching girls and boys how to read and write in Kurdish and Arabic, as well as introducing them to issues around health and gender equality.


Here there is space for criticism and improvement, tearing apart models ofdominance and control typical oforthodox teaching. 'We are not only teaching them, they also teach us', says one ofthe teachers who works at one ofthese schools in Qamişlo. Like the other teachers, she is a volunteer who not only gives lessons but also visits the families so that they can be part ofthe upbringing. 'We visit the families and have meetings with them so we can all be part oftheir education and work towards a common goal', she says."


A school set up by the Foundation ofFree Woman in Qamişlo. Photo by Ali Kanea, March 2016.

\chapter{PART 5: VOICES FROM THE STRUGGLES FOR FREEDOM IN BAKUR}


this chapter compiles articles and interviews aboutthe realityof living with turkish militarism in bakur and the repression of kurdish people by the turkish state, militaryand police. we met people who had been imprisoned and tortured, and others whose family members had been murdered. We interviewed manypeople involved in grassroots struggles for freedom, including those involved in the declarations of autonomyin kurdish cities in 2015.

\section{Turkey's bloodiest massacre and displacement of the Kurds since the 1990S is happening now}


This article was first published on 16 February 2016. We have added an April update at the end ofthe article. The situation is changing daily in Bakur, and will no doubt be different when you read this book, so please check updates at JINHA women's news agency at jinha.com.tr. An abridged version ofthis article also appeared in Red Pepper in February 2016.


“The police and military are using every kind ofviolence against the Kurds. They are using tanks and heavy armoured vehicles. They have flattened houses, historical places, mosques. They use helicopters and technological weapons, night vision binoculars and drones. They don't let families get to the bodies ofyouths who were killed. Corpses remain on the streets for weeks.”


Baran describes to Corporate Watch the massacres that are taking place right now in Kurdish cities within Turkey's borders.


Baran is from Amed (Diyarbakır in Turkish). Once a political activist in Kurdistan, he now lives in exile in the UK. Right now, Amed is being besieged by military and police as Turkey carries out the greatest massacres and mass displacement ofits Kurdish population since the 1990s.


Meanwhile, the city ofCizîr (Cizre) has been left in ruins after two months ofoperations by state forces.


Above: Kurşunlu mosque in Amed. The damage is from bombardment by Turkey's military. Photo provided by Diyarbakır Metropolitan Municipality.


Baran's hometown is just one ofa number ofKurdish-majority cities within Turkey's borders that, after an intensification of violence directed at Kurds, declared autonomy from the state last year.


Residents erected barricades to protect themselves from the police and military. We ask him whose decision it was to declare autonomy and who built the barricades. He replies:


“The neighbourhood assembly made the decision and that assembly was elected by the people who live there. Most ofthe local people agreed to the declaration ofautonomy. The Patriotic Democratic Youth Movement (YDG-H) built the barricades. The main reason for the barricades is to protect activists and youths from police attacks. Police always carry out raids against them.”


The youths stand armed with kalashnikovs behind the barricades in cities across Bakur (the part ofKurdistan within Turkey's borders), ready to defend themselves.


Turkey has responded to the declarations of autonomy with immense violence, terrorising the Kurdish population as the state declares a war on its own population.


Since August 2015, the state has declared 58 open-ended, round-the-clock curfews on various cities in the south-east ofits borders. The Human Rights Foundation of Turkey stated in its February report that:


"At least 1,337,000 residents have been affected by these curfews and the fundamental rights ofthese people such as the right to life and the right to health are explicitly violated”.1


Meanwhile, Turkey's Human Rights Association reported that:


“The curfew itselfis a violation ofthe right to life and prevents the truth about civilian killings from being revealed. In fact, the curfews contribute to the legitimatisation by the government ofcivilian killings, which are not considered violations ofthe right to life.”2


Residents, including children, are being killed daily by state forces. As the wounded lie dying in the streets, those who try to help them are shot. In Amed, the mother of Turgay Girçek is currently holding a daily vigil to try to reclaim the body ofher nineteen year old son, who has been lying dead on the streets for three weeks.


Baran tells us:


“The police and army want to break the will ofthe people who have declared autonomy. They want to show the other Kurdish neighbourhoods that the state is very strong. They want to spread fear into people's hearts. They want to break people's political wills and choices.”


The city ofAmed is coming up to its 80th day ofnon-stop curfew. Ercan Ayboğa, an Amed resident, told us last week:


“The police and army attack daily with all available weapons, except bombers and chemicals, against some hundred local defenders ofthe YPS (Civil Defence Forces). The less the state is successful in conquesting Sur, the more brutal it becomes. The human tragedy is deepening step by step without any serious critics from Turkish society and the western allies, which makes the Kurds - always seeking for a real peace – more disappointed. However, after some uncertainty, nowadays the majority of Kurds stand behind the resistance in more than ten cities against Turkish military, occupation and systematic massacres."


In the city ofCizîr, 139 wounded citizens were trapped in three different basements, without food and water, for weeks. Security forces blocked ambulances that tried to reach the injured, and shot at those who tried to leave the basements. As this article goes to press, the death toll ofthe trapped citizens has risen to 110 and there is no news from 28 wounded people.4 Many were caught under debris as one ofthe buildings collapsed under artillery fire, while others were burnt to death after state forces used petrol to set the building alight. Police also fired teargas into one ofthe basements, making it impossible for the survivors to breathe.


A street in Cizîr after bombardment. Photo provided by friends in Bakur.


JINHA news agency has also reported that unknown chemicals were pumped into the sewer system in Cizîr:


“The chemical agent, which has a smell similar to tear gas, has entered residents’ homes through water drains in kitchens and baths. Meanwhile, state forces have shut down the last remaining markets, bakeries and pharmacies in the town until further notice.”5


Turkey's Human Rights Association (IHD) has issued a statement, listing a huge number ofhuman rights violations by the state ofTurkey. IHD has documented a number ofcitizens who have died in Cizîr and Silopi.6 Amongst those who have lost their lives is a 70 year old elderly man, Selahattin Bozkurt, who was shot dead by security forces as he walked into his garden. A three month old infant, Miray İnce, died after she was seriously injured in the face by gunfire from security forces. Her grandfather, 73 year old Ramazan İnce, was shot dead by security forces as he was trying to carry his granddaughter to an ambulance, while at the same time waving a white flag.


JINHA has also reported that in the city of Silopi, thousands ofpeople were evicted from their houses and marched to a gymnasium. Sabriye Gizer told JINHA that her family were assaulted as they were forced out oftheir home. She continued:


"We were walked by force ofarms. One woman and one man walked ahead ofus. One shouted: 'Shoot them, shoot them'. They opened fire on them. We don't know ifthey are alive. It was cold. We froze. They chose some young people. They took them somewhere. They searched us thoroughly, even our underwear.” 7


Meanwhile, state violence intensified in Nisêbîn (Nusaybin in Turkish) in February and twelve year old Muğdat Ay was shot dead by state forces as he played marbles in the street. Turkey has also declared a curfew on the citizens ofthe city ofHezex (Idil in Turkish).

\section{Mass Displacement}


The recent attacks on the Kurdish cities have resulted in mass displacement of people who have had to flee their homes. Ercan Ayboğa told us that in Amed, around 50,000 people have evacuated their houses.


“Together with the other cities in North Kurdistan, up to halfa million people have had to leave their homes,” he stated.


Baran tells us about the people who are the most affected in Amed:


“Sur is one ofthe poorest neighbourhoods in Amed. And it's highly political, ofcourse. In the 1990s the people were forced to leave their villages and came to the city. [Turkey's security forces burnt down Kurdish villages in the 90s. Over 3,000 villages were wiped from the map, while thousands ofpeople were either killed or disappeared]. And now the same people have again been displaced. One ofthe reasons for destroying Sur now could be that they want to rebuild it again. It will become a business and district centre.”


Indeed, Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu recently stated that Sur district of Amed is to be rebuilt similar to Toledo in Spain. Kurdish HDP co-leader Selahattin Demirtaş responded that it was no coincidence that Davutoğlu compared Sur to Toledo, the Spanish city famous for its struggle against fascism. He announced:


“After Toledo surrendered to the dictatorial regime, Franco took full control ofSpain. Prime Minister [Davutoğlu] now wants to declare his dictatorship by toppling Sur.”8

\section{The run-up to declarations of autonomy}


To understand the present situation in the Kurdish cities, it is important to give a brief explanation ofthe succession ofattacks on the Kurds that preceded it, and to talk in more detail about why the Kurds have stated that they are autonomous and what autonomy means for them.


Autonomy was declared by locals in the Kurdish cities after months ofescalating violence by the state ofTurkey. In the run- up to the June 2015 election, the pro- Kurdish People's Democratic Party (HDP) was heavily targeted. Its offices were bombed and attacked in various cities, while two bombs killed four people at an HDP rally in Amed (Diyarbakır), attended by hundreds ofthousands ofpeople. This attack was blamed on Daesh but many believe that the state was responsible.


The HDP gained 80 seats in parliament in the June election, preventing the governing AKP party from winning a majority and therefore stopping president Erdoğan from changing the constitution and granting himselfgreater powers. The state responded by punishing its Kurdish population, arresting and imprisoning thousands ofpeople. Journalists were also arrested and media sites were hacked by the state, or blocked by the courts. Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) guerilla bases in the mountains were attacked.


State violence continued and in late June 2015 Daesh crossed from Turkey into the Kurdish city ofKobanê in Rojava, killing 164 people. In July a bomb blast in Pirsûs (Suruç in Turkish) killed 33 young people who were preparing to cross the border to help with the reconstruction ofKobanê.


In response, in July 2015, the PKK abandoned their ceasefire and, around the same time, people in cities across Bakur erected barricades in the streets to defend themselves against the violence ofthe police and army.


For example, on 28 July 17 year old Hasan Nerse was shot dead by police in Cizîr. His family believes that he was killed because he was wearing Kurdish traditional clothing. In response, residents erected barricades and dug trenches in the Cudi district of Cizîr to prevent state forces from entering. Armed young people stood guard on the barricades.


In August 2015, residents ofseveral cities declared autonomy from the state. “Farqîn (Silvan), Cizîr (Cizre), Silopi, Varto, Ergis (Van), Sêrt (Siirt) and Nisêbîn (Nusaybin) first declared autonomy,” Narin, a resident ofFarqîn told us when we visited the city in November 2015. We asked her to explain why they wanted to become autonomous. She explained:


“There was a big uprising in solidarity with Kobanê and the state made a new security law giving new powers to the police. Another reason was because ofthe Suruç and Amed bombings. This is why we started to declare autonomy.


Everything is related. But the main reason was the Suruç bombing.”



\bigskip


We asked Baran, who is from Amed, to explain why the people ofAmed's Sur district declared autonomy. He told us:


“There were already different neighbourhood assemblies in Sur. After the June election and especially after the Suruç bombing they decided to announce an autonomous neighbourhood.”


The people ofBakur (the region of Kurdistan within Turkey) have been organising themselves in a communalist, democratic way since 2007. Despite repression and arrests from the state, neighbourhood assemblies and workers' co-ops have been flourishing, and the model of democratic autonomy has since been firmly established within Kurdish society. This model of organising society – without the need ofthe state – is a huge threat to Turkey; as is the autonomous majority-Kurdish region ofRojava in the north ofSyria, which organises itselfin a similar model ofdemocratic confederalism.


The state and the right wing in Turkey are maintaining a deafening media silence about the police and military massacres in the south east by intimidating anyone who dares report it. One example is Turkey’s Beyaz Show television programme. The live talk show aired a call in January from Ayşe Çelik, a teacher from Amed. She said:


“Are you aware ofwhat is going on in the east, in the south-east ofTurkey? Here, unborn children, mothers and people are being killed\dots{}What is being experienced here is conveyed very differently [by the media]. Do not keep silent\dots{} Children should not die, mothers should not die.”


According to Laura Pitel in The Independent, the talkshow presenter was widely criticised by state media for allowing 'PKK propaganda' to be aired.9 A prosecution was opened against both Ayşe Çelik and Beyazit Öztürk, the talkshow presenter. Öztürk later issued an on-air apology for taking the call.


Due to this intimidation, coupled with racism and bias, Turkey's mainstream media has distorted the killings in Kurdish cities, with media outlets branding those killed as terrorists and blaming the violence on the PKK and not the state. On 7 February,



\bigskip


the newspaper Today's Zaman reported the impossible figure of733 “PKK members” killed in “Cizre and Sur”, while not mentioning any killings ofcivilians.10 A columnist in Daily Sabah claimed the PKK had opened fire on ambulances that the “Turkish state” had deployed “against all odds”, while not mentioning the police and army's prevention ofmedical care reaching wounded civilians.11


The international press has remained overwhelmingly silent over Turkey's massacres in Bakur. There are two main reasons for this. Firstly, the Turkish state has imprisoned and deported foreign correspondents reporting from Bakur over the last year, and the mainstream media is unwilling to trust Kurdish media sources, buying into the state's attempts to discredit them. Secondly, Turkey is an important ally ofNATO and the US, and it is not in the


The Stop The War On The Kurds demonstration, attended by thousands, started outside the BBC building in London and ended at Trafalgar Square in March 2016. Photo from stopwaronkurds.org


[image]


interest ofUS-aligned governments to criticise it. In London, there have been demonstrations at the BBC, with UK-based Kurds and their comrades protesting the corporation's silence on Turkey's massacre ofits Kurdish population.


We ask Baran whether he thinks that self-defence behind the barricades is a good tactic for the Kurds to achieve self-determination. He replies:


“There is a reality in Kurdistan that ifyou don't have a weapon or gun then you can't live, as you are surrounded by brutal forces who don't let you live in normal conditions. So the Kurds think that armed struggle is very crucial for them. This armed struggle guarantees their lives. Ifthese people didn't have any weapons then worse things could happen. Kurds know that the armed struggle is very important for their existence.”


[image]


Next page: Children explore the ruins in Farqîn after state bombardment. Photo provided by friends in Farqîn.

\section{End notes}


1. \href{http://en.tihv.org.tr/recent-fact-sheet-on-curfews-in-turkey-between-the-dates-16-august-2015-5-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}en.tihv.org.tr\Slash{}recent-fact-sheet-on-curfews-in-turkey-between-the-dates-16-august-2015-5-} february-2016\Slash{}


2. \href{http://en.ihd.org.tr/index.php/2016/02/02/violations-of-human-rights-during-the-on-going-curfew-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}en.ihd.org.tr\Slash{}index.php\Slash{}2016\Slash{}02\Slash{}02\Slash{}violations-of-human-rights-during-the-on-going-curfew-} since-11-00-pm-on-december-14-2015-in-cizre-and-silopi-covering-15-days-of-curfew\Slash{}


3. \href{http://jinha.com.tr/en/ALL-NEWS/content/view/44322}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}jinha.com.tr\Slash{}en\Slash{}ALL-NEWS\Slash{}content\Slash{}view\Slash{}44322}


4. \href{http://jinha.com.tr/en/ALL-NEWS/content/view/44991?page=2}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}jinha.com.tr\Slash{}en\Slash{}ALL-NEWS\Slash{}content\Slash{}view\Slash{}44991?page=2}


5. \href{http://jinha.com.tr/en/ALL-NEWS/content/view/44366}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}jinha.com.tr\Slash{}en\Slash{}ALL-NEWS\Slash{}content\Slash{}view\Slash{}44366}


6. \href{http://en.ihd.org.tr/index.php/2016/02/02/violations-of-human-rights-during-the-on-going-curfew-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}en.ihd.org.tr\Slash{}index.php\Slash{}2016\Slash{}02\Slash{}02\Slash{}violations-of-human-rights-during-the-on-going-curfew-} since-11-00-pm-on-december-14-2015-in-cizre-and-silopi-covering-15-days-of-curfew\Slash{}


7. \href{http://jinha.com.tr/en/ALL-NEWS/content/view/44416}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}jinha.com.tr\Slash{}en\Slash{}ALL-NEWS\Slash{}content\Slash{}view\Slash{}44416}


8. \href{http://www.todayszaman.com/national\_hdp-leader-accuses-turkish-pm-of-aping-franco-by-citing-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.todayszaman.com\Slash{}national\_hdp-leader-accuses-turkish-pm-of-aping-franco-by-citing-} toledo\_411363.html


9. \href{http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/turkey-in-crisis-renewal-of-conflict-with-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.independent.co.uk\Slash{}news\Slash{}world\Slash{}middle-east\Slash{}turkey-in-crisis-renewal-of-conflict-with-} kurdish-militants-is-accompanied-by-a-highly-toxic-a6821941.html


10. \href{http://www.todayszaman.com/latest-news\_general-staff-733-terrorists-killed-in-total-in-operations-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.todayszaman.com\Slash{}latest-news\_general-staff-733-terrorists-killed-in-total-in-operations-} in-cizre-sur\_411673.html


11. \href{http://www.dailysabah.com/columns/melih-altinok/2016/02/04/what-is-happening-in-the-basement-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.dailysabah.com\Slash{}columns\Slash{}melih-altinok\Slash{}2016\Slash{}02\Slash{}04\Slash{}what-is-happening-in-the-basement-} of-that-building-in-cizre

\section{the struggle for autonomy in Farqîn}


This article first appeared on the Kurdish Solidarity Network website on 23 November 2015.



\begin{quote}


“Autonomy means that we will live in our own way, with our own rules, our own culture and our own identity. I support this from my heart.”


– Narin, resident of Farqîn



\end{quote}


In August 2015, the city ofFarqîn (Silvan in Turkish) declared autonomy from the state. Barricades were erected on the streets ofthree neighbourhoods ofthe city – Mescit, Tekel and Konak – defended by armed people’s protection teams. The Turkish state responded by using intense violence and imposing a series ofcurfews, culminating in a 12 day siege ofthe neighbourhoods in November. An official from the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) threatened that “the security forces will erase the three Silvan neighbourhoods from the map”.


On the 20th and 21st November 2015, we travelled to Farqîn in solidarity with the residents of the city. The intention ofour visit was to document the police and military violence (in contrast to the biased reports in the Turkish media, depicting the people ofFarqîn as terrorists), to see first-hand the destruction that was caused, and to let our Kurdish friends know that we support them in their struggle for autonomy.


Above: The streets ofFarqîn after the bombardment. Photo by friends in Bakur.


On the 10th August, the residents ofFarqîn erected barricades in the city. On 15th August, Barış Güleryüz ofthe DBP (Democratic Regions Party) read out a statement on behalfofthe people ofFarqîn, declaring themselves autonomous from the state. Since then, Barış has been forced into hiding and the HDP (People’s Democratic Party) co-mayor, who was present at the declaration ofautonomy, has been imprisoned.


Between August and October there were five different curfews, and finally, between the 3rd and 14th November, there was a twelve day curfew, ending when the state brought the military onto the streets and used heavy weaponry on the people ofFarqîn.


When we arrived, the barricades had been destroyed and bulldozers were clearing up the rubble. Most ofthe military had left, but the police certainly hadn’t. As we walked through the neighbourhoods that had been affected by state violence, armoured police vehicles circled the streets and a drone flew overhead.


We asked Narin, a resident ofthe city, why the people ofFarqîn had declared autonomy.


“There were different reasons. In October 2014 there was a big uprising in solidarity with Kobanê. The state made new security laws giving greater powers to the police. Tension has remained high since then. Another reason for the declaration ofautonomy was because ofthe Suruç and Amed bombings. Even the people who were wounded in those bombings were attacked with tear gas by the police. Everything is related. People on the barricades in Farqîn said: ‘we are the children ofthe city. We have grown up here and we will defend our city. We are the people’s protection units.'”


During the 12 day curfew in November, armed special forces police wearing balaclavas – the Özel Harekat – terrorised the city, whilst military tanks fired from the surrounding hills. We were told that that the Özel Harekat used M32 multiple grenade launchers on civilians.


Snipers shot at people from rooftops. Residents said that the snipers came to houses, broke down the doors and forced people to leave so that they could shoot from their buildings.


Helicopters circled in the sky and were used to fire on people. A resident said:“Because ofour declaration ofautonomy, they attacked us as ifwe were Daesh (ISIS).”


Meanwhile, people who lived outside ofthe barricades were bombarded with tear gas and water cannons. One resident told us: “They put something like pepper inside the water cannons. My ear swelled up like a balloon.”


Fourteen civilians were killed by state forces between August and November; four were under eighteen years old. Nine year old Hasan Yılmaz was killed after he found an unexploded grenade. Three other children were injured. Hayriye Hüdaverdi was seventy-five years old when she was killed by a sniper. The police also shot people who came to help the wounded. Fifty-five year old İsmet Gezici was killed when he tried to help his twenty-four year old nephew Engin after he was shot.


After we left Farqîn, a new media report stated that seventy-eight year old LatifNangir died ofbrain damage after a bomb exploded near him. When his wife tried to take him to hospital, state forces fired on them.


Narin told us: “During the curfew, we helped each other. People had to stay inside to protect themselves. They found safe areas like under the stairs. People took in their neighbours. We didn’t have electricity.


Twenty-four pylons had been attacked. People were running out offood, and some people didn’t have water.”


People in Farqîn have been trying to organise themselves independently ofthe state, on the basis ofa system ofdirect democracy, called democratic confederalism or democratic autonomy. Narin told us:


Even though the barricades have gone we still consider that we have declared autonomy. I never use state things. With our language and culture we have our own programmes and make our own political decisions. In every neighbourhood you have an assembly. These are all steps towards democratic conferderalism. We are learning and giving ourselves time to work well, like in Rojava. The neighbourhood assemblies started here in 2014. Each neighbourhood assembly has two heads, a man and a woman. We have commissions that solve problems without going to the courts, such as disputes over money or violence against women.”"


We asked a local journalist why the barricades were finally taken down. He told us:


“For nine days the police could only move 300 metres, but then they began a new military strategy. The tanks had stayed on the hills up until then, and then on the ninth day they came inside. On the tenth day people retreated and the army and police stayed for two more days arresting people and clearing away the bullets so that people wouldn’t see what they had done. They graffitied all over the walls before they left.”


As we walked through the streets ofFarqîn, we were shocked by the amount ofdamage that was done by the police and military, and we were amazed that more people had not been killed. Police had told hospitals and staffwho had wanted to help the wounded, “you’re helping the terrorists.” There were bullet holes everywhere; many buildings have gaping holes in where they had been shelled. Other buildings had been set on fire.


We were led up the staircase into one building which had been set on fire. The rooms were charred black, all ofthe windows were smashed, and childrens’ toys were strewn in the middle ofthe floor amongst broken glass. The owner ofthe house took us up to a room which


[image]


Nine year old Hasan was killed after he found an unexploded grenade. Photo provided by friends in Farqîn.


had been shelled. The blood ofYakup Sinbağ covered the wall. He was twenty-eight years old and was shot through the heart on the 9th November.


Whilst walking through the streets, we met an older woman who told us:“My husband died ofa heart attack during the clashes. Now I live alone with my daughter. My house was damaged. They just left my soul inside me. They destroyed everything else.”


We also met a man with a learning disability who showed us his injury. He was shot in the back by a sniper as he walked on the street during a curfew. Children gathered around us, eager to show us some ofthe bullet and munition casings littering the streets.


As we walked through the neighbourhoods, we saw a lot ofgraffiti that had been painted over. We were told that the police had left fascist and threatening messages on the walls. One piece of graffiti said: “In the teeth ofthe wolfthere is blood.” The wolfis a symbol offascists in Turkey.


We spoke to Zuhal Tekiner, co-Mayor ofthe municipality in Farqîn. She is only thirty-five


years old and has already been imprisoned twice by the Turkish state. She told us:


“When you go home to the UK, please talk about every bullet that they fired, about every person who is dead, and make noise about this. Ask the state ofTurkey to be accountable for every bullet they use. Remind Turkey ofhuman rights. They try to depict us as terrorists. You can change this mindset. We are not terrorists. It’s not a war between diferent countries. We are ready to give our own lives.”


We asked her whether we should protest against the exporting ofweapons to Turkey. She replied:


“It would be beautiful ifpeople tried to stand against the selling ofweapons to Turkey. The Turkish police and military are using new guns and bullets. A 75 year old woman was killed. Just one bullet is enough to kill. When it enters the body it causes a small hole and when it comes out it is huge.”


[image]


Zuhal Tekiner. Photo by Corporate Watch, November 2015.


donated to the municipality to be given to them.


The damage done to people’s houses and shops in Farqîn is immense. According to Zuhal:“800-1000 houses were affected because ofgunfire. Some more, some less. There are no windows left in many houses. We think the cost ofreconstruction could be 5 million Turkish Lira. 12,000 people now don’t have places to live because ofthe damage.”


We also spoke to a man on the street who was helping with the reconstruction. He told us: “We must be ready for winter – there is no other choice. The reconstruction work needs to be finished in one month’s time.” There is a campaign to help the families who have lost their houses; money can be


Cizre, Silopi, Varto, Erciş, Siirt and Nusaybin have also declared autonomy over the last few months. As we publish this report, residents ofNusaybin and Gever (Yüksekova) are being murdered daily. In the Sur district ofAmed (Diyarbakır), young people are currently armed behind the barricades, protecting their streets from the police. Zuhal told us:


“We have lived through very bad things. It looks like we’re in a bad situation but for the future generation it will be clearer. We believe we will achieve autonomy. When we were babies our parents were in prison and tortured. Now we take their place. Thanks to their struggle we take to the streets. And thanks to us our children will also do this. We have hope for the future. We don’t want to live with their borders. We believe that we can change things. When we struggle here we believe that all ofKurdistan is with us\dots{}They said they wanted to erase us from the map. Now we will draw the map again.”


[image]

\section{The struggle for autonomyin Cizîr}


This article first appeared on 4 December 2015.


Since summer 2015, the streets ofCizîr (Cizre in Turkish) were once again barricaded by 'people's defence forces' and people formed street communes and neighbourhood assemblies to organise themselves independently ofthe state. These assemblies try to build autonomy by, for example, setting up commissions to solve disputes, looking after self-defence ofthe community and organising education in Kurdish.


In response, the Turkish police and army have imposed countless curfews on the city and have attacked residential neighbourhoods with extreme violence to try to regain control. In September 2015, Cizîr was besieged by the Turkish army and 21 people were killed. A curfew was placed on the city for nine days. Yet more curfews were declared after that. People kept resisting throughout November, while electricity was shut offand emergency services were prevented from reaching sick people.


However, the history ofresistance in Cizîr did not begin there. The interviews below are about an earlier period ofthe rebellion in Cizîr, the period after the Kurdish uprising (serhildan) in 2014 against Turkish state support for the Daesh attack on Kobanê, a Kurdish city in the autonomous region ofRojava (within the borders ofSyria). They provide some context to the events that have since unfolded on the streets ofCizîr.


Above: A street in Cizîr after the 2015 curfews. Photo provided by friends in Cizîr.

\section{Popular rebellion in Cizîr in 2014}


In October 2014 people came out onto the streets in Cizîr, like in cities all over north Kurdistan (Bakur), in support ofKobanê. People began to build barricades in their neighbourhoods. More barricades were built in December in response to new attacks by the police. The resistance developed into a popular rebellion.


This rebellion was a direct response to the state violence against Kurdish people, and particularly against the pro-Kurdish People's Democratic Party (HDP), a party supporting democratic autonomy in the Kurdish region which was preparing to stand in the general election the following year against the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP). The attacks against Kurdish movements were being carried out by the police, and also a shadowy group called Kurdish Hezbollah (KH). The aims ofthese attacks were to intimidate Kurdish people, to provoke them into violence and to prevent the HDP from building electoral support to rival the AKP.

\section{Kurdish Hezbollah}


Kurdish Hezbollah, whose name means 'party ofgod' are a Kurdish Sunni Islamist group that is carrying out increasing numbers ofattacks on the HDP, the PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party) and the communities that support them. The group is unconnected to the Lebanese Hezbollah. In the 1990s KH was in direct conflict with the PKK, killing hundreds ofits members.


Many journalists have examined the historic links between KH and the Turkish state and a retired colonel in the Turkish army has admitted setting up the group to 'fight the PKK'. In 2012, Hür Dava Partisi, or Hüda-Par, the Free Cause Party, was formed as a legal political party, and front group for Hezbollah.


In many ofthe cities Corporate Watch visited in July 2015, people told us about KH attacks and claimed that the group is armed by the Turkish state.


The following two interviews were carried out in July 2015. They talked about their experiences ofthe resistance and repression between September 2014 and January 2015 and they called for solidarity.

\section{Interview with Zubeyde Dalmış aboutthe murder of her son, Barış}


Corporate Watch interviewed the family of15 year old Barış Dalmış, who was shot dead on 27 December 2014. Barış' family told us that Barış was killed by Kurdish Hezbollah (KH). He was one ofseveral people killed by Hezbollah that day and just one ofthe five teenagers killed by Hezbollah and the Turkish police during this period.


Barış' mother, Zubeyde, begins: For 20 years our children have been killed and no one has helped us. All governments act to help Turkey and they call us terrorists. They have killed many Kurdish journalists also. My husband has been in prison for two years.


A man sitting with us interjects: We are no longer afraid ofanything because we have seen everything. They have killed us, put us in prison, burnt our homes, our cities. We only want you to tell the truth. Ifyou have some effect please use it.


CW: Can you tell us about Barış?


Zubeyde: Barış was 15 years old. He was a good child. He liked basketball and had been to school for eight years. He was interested in the problems ofthe Kurdish people and sung Kurdish songs. I have seven children including Barış, now there are six. My biggest child is in the mountains as a guerilla.


CW: Can you tell us about the night Barış was killed?


Zubeyde: There are some people here who support ISIS. They are called Hezbollah. In Cizre, the government protects Hezbollah and gives them guns. At night these groups attack people. They killed Barış at night. On the day Barış died, some dead bodies had been brought from Kobanê and there was a condolence tent in the street. It was late and there were not many people there. Then Hezbollah attacked the tent. They shot Barış and then they ran away.


The man who is sitting with us tells us: We knew that the government were trying to cause fighting between Kurdish people because ofthe election. Because ofthis the PKK didn’t do anything. The PKK could have killed them all, but they didn’t because ofthe elections and because the government would have accused the PKK ofkilling civilians.


[At the time the PKK was maintaining a ceasefire, the government had been attempting to provoke them into breaking it in the hope ofdelegitimising the pro-Kurdish HDP in the run up to the elections, which were due to take place in June 2015.]


Zubeyde: They [Hezbollah] shot him in the heart, so he only stayed alive for a few minutes. He was in front ofa wall. Part ofthe bullet remained in the wall. Hezbollah live close to here. They walked on the streets with guns and they know that they are protected so they can kill. The police acted only to protect Hezbollah. After Barış was killed police used teargas and water cannons on the crowd ofpeople who had gathered to help.


The police didn’t visit us after the shooting. They just drove around in their cars to show their power. They looked at people and then drove off. They didn’t speak to anyone. Five other kids from the same area were killed by Hezbollah and the government in the same period.


Hezbollah and the police are the same. When they attack, you don’t know where the bullet has come from. Sometimes Hezbollah drive around in police cars.


Barış' sister: When Barış was shot, there were Kurdish doctors who wanted to help him. The police saw this but they prevented people from helping.


CW: Do you have any messages for people outside ofKurdistan who will read this?


Zubeyde: I don’t want this to happen again to another mother\dots{}tell people our story for peace and so other mothers don’t cry like me. We want peace so that our children can come down from the [guerilla bases in the] mountains and come home.


[image]


Pictures ofpeople killed in Cizîr by state forces, including Barış Dalmış, Ümit Kurt, Nihat Kazanhan and Yasin Özer, who were children or teenagers when they were killed in 2014-15. Photo taken by Corporate Watch, July 2015.

\section{Interview with Ayşe about the events of December 2014}


CW: What happened in Cizîr during the attack on Kobanê in 2014?


Ayşe: When the Kobanê situation was very hard, the Turkish president said on every TV channel that Kobanê would fall, that the Kurdish fighters will lose and ISIS would win. The people ofCizîr wanted to give a voice to Kobanê and to demonstrate against what the Turkish government was doing by helping Daesh. Demonstrations began in Cizîr and all over Turkey. The demonstrations in Cizîr began on 9 October 2014, which is the anniversary ofthe beginning ofthe international plot to arrest Abdullah Öcalan by the capitalist governments and Turkey. Every year there is a protest on this date. Last year we wanted to go out and protest as usual but the police attacked us with gas and water cannons – so the demonstrations began. As the demonstrations got bigger the army also began attacking us. These demonstrations lasted for a week, and after that they stopped.


The resistance started again on 27 December after Hezbollah attacked the HDP. We know that the army wanted a provocation so they did this with Hezbollah. The HDP's election car was touring around the city and Hezbollah stopped it and attacked it. They were carrying guns. They attacked the driver and announcer with fists and kicks. When they attacked the car, our young people defended the people inside it and the demonstrations started again. If they had not helped them maybe Hezbollah would have killed them.


There was a place where young people met every night. On the night of27 December the police attacked this place at 3.30am. After this attack the young people began to organise social defence ofthe city against the police by closing the streets with barricades. Then all of the people ofthe city joined them against the police and Hezbollah.


On the morning ofthe 27 December at 5am the first young person was killed by a police bullet, although we can’t be sure ifit was a police gun or Hezbollah. All we know is that he was killed by a professional sniper not an amateur. He was shot in the head. His name was Yasin Özer, he was 19. On the night of27 December they killed a second young person, Barış Dalmış – he was killed by Hezbollah. There is no real Hezbollah organisation. Ifthe army wants to say that another hand does all this killing then they use Hezbollah. Less than a hundred people are close to Hezbollah in Cizîr. They have no real power. It’s the Turkish police and army who do everything. They want people to think there are problems between the PKK and Hezbollah.


After the 28th the demonstrations continued. All ofthe people acted like an army ofsocial defence. They set up teams to watch their houses, streets and homes. After two weeks the government said they would stop their attack on the people. The young people began to open the barricades. Then the police attacked and killed another person, a 14 year old child called Ümit Kurt. He was killed with a police gun. Shot in the head. After that, the demonstrations started again as we knew we could not believe the police.


Every day our party [the HDP] did interviews on the TV saying "don’t be provoked". People listened but the police continued their provocation. After that Abdullah Öcalan sent a message to people in Cizîr to stop the demonstrations. Hatip Dicle, chiefofthe DTK [the Democratic Society Congress, an organisation which aims to establish democratic autonomy in North Kurdistan], came to Cizîr and read Öcalan’s statement. We were awaiting Öcalan’s message and it was a signal for us, it said to ‘stop’ so people opened the barricades. But even before Hatip Dicle arrived back in Amed another young person died. 12 year old Nihat Kazanhan was killed by a police gun – police used a shotgun and shot him in the head.


CW: What can people do in solidarity from outside Kurdistan?


What the Turkish military and police are doing is not only against the Kurdish people, it's against all the people in the world. We want people to give us a voice against this attack on our people. In Rojava there are many people from the UK, Europe and other countries fighting for the YPJ and YPG [the armed forces ofRojava]. We think that people in the UK have a voice to tell the truth about what the Turkish government is doing.


CW: Do you think that people should try to stop the supply ofarms to the Turkish police and army?


An army is not for genocide, not for killing civilians, the army should only be used for defence. But the government has used the army for genocide against the Kurdish people. When companies sell weapons to the Turkish police and army they are complicit in this genocide so they need to stop. You can sell something to a government for defence, but ifyou know that this government uses its weapons for genocide or attacks on other countries or civilians then you are a part ofthe genocide.


*The interviewee's name has been changed.

\section{living with turkish militarism in bakur}


This article first appeared on Corporate Watch on 18 December 2015. The interview below was carried out after the June 2015 election, but before the declarations of autonomy in Sur. It shows the repression and intimidation that the Kurdish population faces on a daily basis, whether they are under curfew or not.


In July 2015 we spoke to four young people in Amed about what it's like to grow up and live in a society where Turkish police and military repression is ever present.


All ofthe people we interviewed had recently moved to Amed from other parts of Turkey and Bakur. The names ofour interviewees have been changed at our own discretion.


Our interviewees begin by describing what it is like to be a student in Bakur. Hasan tells us:


“Sometimes we make little demonstrations at the university, and because ofthat the police take photographs ofus. I have friends who are socialists or communists and sometimes the police call them on their mobile phones and threaten them. They also pressure them by calling their families.


The police affect our lives everywhere. For example, when I came from my home in Gever [Yüksekova in Turkish, a town to the east of Amed] to university they stopped us and searched our clothes and bags a total ofseven times on one journey from Amed to Gever. In the city centre in Amed there are military bases to pressure and control people.”


People's barricades to keep out the police in Sur district ofAmed in 2015 (after we carried out our interview). Photo by Corporate Watch, November 2015.


Eliftells us that all men with Turkish ID cards have to do military service in the Turkish army, unless they can afford to pay the 15,000 Turkish lira fee to buy their way out ofit. Many poor people in Kurdistan cannot afford to do this. According to Elif: "In our country you have to go to the army as a man. Ifyou don’t go you won’t get a job, and you won’t marry. So it puts pressure on men.”


We ask whether it is common to see military vehicles on the street. Barış tells us that they are on the streets all the time: “It causes psychological problems. Everywhere you see armed people. It frightens us”. Hasan says:


“When we were babies, our mothers said “the police are coming. Ifyou cry, the police will come!” In other countries mothers might say that a monster is coming. Here there is a lullaby that says, “the army and police will take your father”.


We are told that it is normal to see Akrep (Scorpion) vehicles on the street, alongside TOMA water cannons. Akreps, manufactured by Turkish company Otokar, are used by both the police and the military. The TOMA is manufactured by two Turkish companies: Nurol Makina and Katmerciler. The engine is manufactured by Perkins, a subsidiary ofthe US based Caterpillar corporation.


It is common to hear the sound ofF16 planes overhead and the army uses helicopters too. Serdar tells us that these flights are used to put the population under psychological pressure:“Sometimes Kurdish people use fireworks so that the helicopters can’t


see and have to go another way.”


However, these planes are not only used for psychological effect. Hasan points out that F16s are also used to attack civilians. On 28 December 2011 34 cross-border traders from the village ofRoboski were killed after Turkish F16s attacked them. According to Serdar:


“Roboski is an example where they have used the planes to bomb people. They said that the people they attacked were terrorists but they were not terrorists. They were only selling oil in order to buy food.”


The F16s used by Turkey are manufactured by US arms giant, Lockheed Martin. Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) co-produced them and provide parts and modifications for the planes.


Serdar tells us that the use ofdrones is common over the city ofGever. Corporate Watch also witnessed drones being used in residential areas in Farqîn (Silvan in Turkish) in November 2015. Turkey uses Heron drones manufactured by Israel Aerospace Industries. A homegrown drone called the Anka, manufactured by Turkish Aerospace Industries, is also being trialled by the Turkish Air Force. The US has stationed Predator drones, manufactured by the US firm General Atomics, at Turkey's Incirlik airbase and shares intelligence from their flights with the Turkish military.

\section{Solidaritywith Kobanê}


We ask about the Serhildan (uprising) of6 and 7 October 2014. At that time the city of Kobanê in Rojava was under siege by Daesh. The Turkish state was attacking Kurdish


fighters trying to cross to Kobanê to fight Daesh and preventing supplies from entering Kobanê. At the same time, Turkey did not prevent Daesh fighters from entering Syria from Turkey. The serhildan began after President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that Kobanê was about to fall. People came out onto the streets in cities all over Bakur in solidarity with the people fighting in Rojava.


Serdar tells us: “I was in Gever at the time. Syrian and Turkish Kurds are like family. [When the Daesh attack on Kobanê began] the Turkish military closed the border and didn’t let us help people in Rojava. They thought they could stop the revolution that had begun there. They wanted to put people in Rojava under siege. They stopped medicines, clothes and food, too. They closed all of the border and we couldn’t send anything to Rojava. [President] Erdoğan said that Kobanê would fall.”


Barış continued: “People thought that the Turkish government was supporting Daesh and other terrorist groups. So people wanted to say that the Turkish government should help us, not help Daesh.”


According to Elif: “We just wanted the Turkish government to open the borders so we could help people in Rojava. A lot ofpeople passed into Rojava illegally; they couldn’t stop us. A close friend ofmine died in Rojava at Mistenûr Hill. He had been studying his masters degree, and he could speak four languages. He was Turkish and Sunni, not Kurdish or Alevi. His name was Paramaz Kızılbaş. He went to help the Rojava revolution because he was an internationalist. Another fighter, Ivana Hoffmann was an open lesbian who was killed by Daesh in the Rojava revolution.”


Ivana Hoffman was a German communist who was killed in Rojava in 2014 while fighting for the People's Protection Units.


We ask Elifwhat happened when demonstrations broke out in Amed at that time. She tells us that: “On the 6, 7 and 8 October 2014 the police announced a curfew and didn’t allow us to go on the streets. Because ofthis we couldn’t buy bread. During this period they didn’t use plastic bullets. They used real bullets. A man was shot in front ofmy house by the police.


On the 2nd day ofthe curfew I was here in Ofis [a neighbourhood ofAmed]. In the morning we needed bread. My friend went to buy bread and the police arrested him in front ofthe building even though he was wearing just shorts and a T- shirt and he had nothing in his hands. We screamed from the balcony but ifwe had gone downstairs they would have arrested us too and nothing would have changed. He said many times to the police, “I just want to go to the bakery.”


Ofis was really dangerous on those days. There were many street fights between the police and the people. Police used teargas and people threw stones back at them. There were continuous fires on the streets. The TOMA water cannons would put them out and then people would light them again.


During the curfew, I saw an unmarked car with no number plate drive up and police got out. They tried to arrest a man wearing a black T-shirt.


Some elderly women saw this and they ran up to the police and tried to take the young man from them. One ofthe police shot into the sky. One man ran over and kicked one ofthe policemen. The policeman shot the man who had kicked him as he was running away. I don’t know ifhe was badly injured but he had blood coming from his shoulder. It was an unmarked car without a number plate.”


Serdar tells us that: “On October 6 2014 in Gever the uprising started, like in other cities, and lasted five days. The police wouldn't allow people to march so there was fighting. You could see the cloud ofteargas in the sky. The protesters were using stones and some young people were using Molotov cocktails. Normally the army controls the city centre in Gever. You can see lots ofpolice and army on the streets all the time. In other parts ofthe city military bases are being built. The army controls all ofthe entrance and exits to the city. In general, during protests some people rock the TOMAs and Akreps until they fall. In all ofTurkey there are lots ofCCTV cameras and during the Kobanê demonstrations in 2014 lots ofpeople broke the cameras. People bring sugar with them to help with the effects of teargas.”


We ask how the response to demonstrations in Bakur differs from the policing ofthe Gezi protests in Istanbul. Elifresponds:


“The force here is not just police. It is also army and [Kurdish] Hezbollah. It is more violent here. For 21 days I stayed in Gezi but I saw nothing like here. You can look at the numbers killed: 52 people [killed in Bakur] in just three days.”


In comparison, 11 people were killed over almost two months during the Gezi uprising.


During the uprising in solidarity with Kobanê in 2014, Kurdish Hezbollah (KH) carried out attacks in many Kurdish cities. Eliftells us:


“When the government loses power here they give Hezbollah weapons and tell them to go on the


streets. It was the same in the 1990s. I saw them coming to a house close to mine with guns and banging on the door shouting Allahu Akhbar. They took people from the building and we didn’t see them again.”


We ask Elifwhether she thinks that governments like the UK should grant export licenses for the sale ofarms to Turkey. She responds: “Ofcourse not. Their licenses kill our people. Militarism supports the system. It’s part ofthe system. We have to defend ourselves but we are not militarists.”

\section{Democratic confederalism}


Elifand Serdar tell us how the establishment ofan autonomous region in Rojava (within the borders ofSyria) based on democratic confederalism gives them hope that one day the system established in Rojava can be put in place in Bakur too.


Serdar explains that: “Capitalism has more power here in Amed than in other places in Kurdistan. But in the Gever area it's different. We have nearly the same system as Rojava in the small towns. In my village, the system is like the Rojava system. I am also in the council for ecology in Amed and we are trying to get away from capitalism.”


We ask what people can do from outside of Kurdistan in solidarity with the struggle for autonomy in Bakur. They ask us to raise awareness ofwhat's going on in Kurdistan, and try to force European governments not to support Turkish military policies. They ask us to campaign against the sale ofarms to Turkey. Finally, they want to work together with other anti-capitalists. Barış says hopefully:“It’s a big dream but maybe we can make a big anti-capitalist union.”

\section{LGBT struggles in BAKUR}


In Turkey's general election in June and November 2015, the People's Democratic Party (HDP) gained seats in the Turkish parliament. This is the first time ever that a party that supports Kurdish autonomy has passed the 10\% threshold required to gain any seats. The HDP has been speaking out in support oflesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people. The party has a 10 per cent quota for LGBT people when fielding candidates.


We ask ifthe situation for LGBT people in Bakur has changed because ofthis. Serdar replies:


“It’s difficult. LGBT communities in Turkey and Kurdistan have to be secret. They would only tell close friends about their sexuality. In cities it’s a little less bad but we are still really oppressed by our families. Roşın Çıçek, a gay man, was murdered by his family in Amed in 2012. Things are changing but really slowly because the religious people here are really closed minded about LGBT people. The Kurdish movement has to do a lot of work about these things. Members ofthe


HDP need to educate themselves and then teach other people. It’s really brave that LGBT people are in the HDP. Their words are brave but they need to be more than words.


There has been an LGBT group in Amed for the last three years and we are working in the Amed Ecological Council and in the conscientious objectors movement, as many LGBT people are conscientious objectors. We also monitor cases where LGBT people are killed or violence has been committed against them. We are starting to be more visible. We have started to go with our LGBT flag to both the 1st May and Newroz celebrations.”


According to Barış, who is from Antakya: "We saw that there was an LGBT movement in Amed, so Arabic Alevis formed one in Antakya too. We support each other.”


To find out more about LGBTI movements in Turkey, go to lgbtinewsturkey.com


The site has a list ofLGBTI organisations in Turkey and some in Bakur.


STRUGGLES FOR AUTONOMY in Kurdistan


\& corporate complicity in the repression of social movements in rojava and bakur


Corporate Watch


Written by Eliza Egret \& Tom Anderson


with contributions from Jo Magpie and Antony Martin


Design, page layout and diagrams by Eliza Egret


First published in May 2016 by the Corporate Watch Cooperative Ltd


c\Slash{}o Freedom Press, Angel Alley, 84b Whitechapel High Street, London E1 7Qx


\href{mailto:contact@corporatewatch.org}{contact@corporatewatch.org}


\href{http://www.corporatewatch.org/}{www.corporatewatch.org}


Corporate Watch is an independent, not-for-profit research and publishing group that investigates the social and environmental impacts ofcorporate power and capitalism. Since 1996 Corporate Watch has been publishing corporate critical 'information for action' in the form of books, briefings and magazines.


You can contact the authors at \href{mailto:egret@riseup.net}{egret@riseup.net} and \href{mailto:tomanderson@riseup.net}{tomanderson@riseup.net}

\section{The struggle for autonomy in Cizîr}


This article first appeared on 4 December 2015.


Since summer 2015, the streets ofCizîr (Cizre in Turkish) were once again barricaded by 'people's defence forces' and people formed street communes and neighbourhood assemblies to organise themselves independently ofthe state. These assemblies try to build autonomy by, for example, setting up commissions to solve disputes, looking after self-defence ofthe community and organising education in Kurdish.


In response, the Turkish police and army have imposed countless curfews on the city and have attacked residential neighbourhoods with extreme violence to try to regain control. In September 2015, Cizîr was besieged by the Turkish army and 21 people were killed. A curfew was placed on the city for nine days. Yet more curfews were declared after that. People kept resisting throughout November, while electricity was shut offand emergency services were prevented from reaching sick people.


However, the history ofresistance in Cizîr did not begin there. The interviews below are about an earlier period ofthe rebellion in Cizîr, the period after the Kurdish uprising (serhildan) in 2014 against Turkish state support for the Daesh attack on Kobanê, a Kurdish city in the autonomous region ofRojava (within the borders ofSyria). They provide some context to the events that have since unfolded on the streets ofCizîr.


Above: A street in Cizîr after the 2015 curfews. Photo provided by friends in Cizîr.

\section{Popular rebellion in Cizîr in 2014}


In October 2014 people came out onto the streets in Cizîr, like in cities all over north Kurdistan (Bakur), in support ofKobanê. People began to build barricades in their neighbourhoods. More barricades were built in December in response to new attacks by the police. The resistance developed into a popular rebellion.


This rebellion was a direct response to the state violence against Kurdish people, and particularly against the pro-Kurdish People's Democratic Party (HDP), a party supporting democratic autonomy in the Kurdish region which was preparing to stand in the general election the following year against the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP). The attacks against Kurdish movements were being carried out by the police, and also a shadowy group called Kurdish Hezbollah (KH). The aims ofthese attacks were to intimidate Kurdish people, to provoke them into violence and to prevent the HDP from building electoral support to rival the AKP.

\section{Kurdish Hezbollah}


Kurdish Hezbollah, whose name means 'party ofgod' are a Kurdish Sunni Islamist group that is carrying out increasing numbers ofattacks on the HDP, the PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party) and the communities that support them. The group is unconnected to the Lebanese Hezbollah. In the 1990s KH was in direct conflict with the PKK, killing hundreds ofits members.


Many journalists have examined the historic links between KH and the Turkish state and a retired colonel in the Turkish army has admitted setting up the group to 'fight the PKK'. In 2012, Hür Dava Partisi, or Hüda-Par, the Free Cause Party, was formed as a legal political party, and front group for Hezbollah.


In many ofthe cities Corporate Watch visited in July 2015, people told us about KH attacks and claimed that the group is armed by the Turkish state.


The following two interviews were carried out in July 2015. They talked about their experiences ofthe resistance and repression between September 2014 and January 2015 and they called for solidarity.

\section{Interview with Zubeyde Dalmış aboutthe murder of her son, Barış}


Corporate Watch interviewed the family of15 year old Barış Dalmış, who was shot dead on 27 December 2014. Barış' family told us that Barış was killed by Kurdish Hezbollah (KH). He was one ofseveral people killed by Hezbollah that day and just one ofthe five teenagers killed by Hezbollah and the Turkish police during this period.


Barış' mother, Zubeyde, begins: For 20 years our children have been killed and no one has helped us. All governments act to help Turkey and they call us terrorists. They have killed many Kurdish journalists also. My husband has been in prison for two years.


A man sitting with us interjects: We are no longer afraid ofanything because we have seen everything. They have killed us, put us in prison, burnt our homes, our cities. We only want you to tell the truth. Ifyou have some effect please use it.


CW: Can you tell us about Barış?


Zubeyde: Barış was 15 years old. He was a good child. He liked basketball and had been to school for eight years. He was interested in the problems ofthe Kurdish people and sung Kurdish songs. I have seven children including Barış, now there are six. My biggest child is in the mountains as a guerilla.


CW: Can you tell us about the night Barış was killed?


Zubeyde: There are some people here who support ISIS. They are called Hezbollah. In Cizre, the government protects Hezbollah and gives them guns. At night these groups attack people. They killed Barış at night. On the day Barış died, some dead bodies had been brought from Kobanê and there was a condolence tent in the street. It was late and there were not many people there. Then Hezbollah attacked the tent. They shot Barış and then they ran away.


The man who is sitting with us tells us: We knew that the government were trying to cause fighting between Kurdish people because ofthe election. Because ofthis the PKK didn’t do anything. The PKK could have killed them all, but they didn’t because ofthe elections and because the government would have accused the PKK ofkilling civilians.


[At the time the PKK was maintaining a ceasefire, the government had been attempting to provoke them into breaking it in the hope ofdelegitimising the pro-Kurdish HDP in the run up to the elections, which were due to take place in June 2015.]


Zubeyde: They [Hezbollah] shot him in the heart, so he only stayed alive for a few minutes. He was in front ofa wall. Part ofthe bullet remained in the wall. Hezbollah live close to here. They walked on the streets with guns and they know that they are protected so they can kill. The police acted only to protect Hezbollah. After Barış was killed police used teargas and water cannons on the crowd ofpeople who had gathered to help.


The police didn’t visit us after the shooting. They just drove around in their cars to show their power. They looked at people and then drove off. They didn’t speak to anyone. Five other kids from the same area were killed by Hezbollah and the government in the same period.


Hezbollah and the police are the same. When they attack, you don’t know where the bullet has come from. Sometimes Hezbollah drive around in police cars.


Barış' sister: When Barış was shot, there were Kurdish doctors who wanted to help him. The police saw this but they prevented people from helping.


CW: Do you have any messages for people outside ofKurdistan who will read this?


Zubeyde: I don’t want this to happen again to another mother\dots{}tell people our story for peace and so other mothers don’t cry like me. We want peace so that our children can come down from the [guerilla bases in the] mountains and come home.


[image]


Pictures ofpeople killed in Cizîr by state forces, including Barış Dalmış, Ümit Kurt, Nihat Kazanhan and Yasin Özer, who were children or teenagers when they were killed in 2014-15. Photo taken by Corporate Watch, July 2015.

\section{Interview with Ayşe* aboutthe events of December 2014}


CW: What happened in Cizîr during the attack on Kobanê in 2014?


Ayşe: When the Kobanê situation was very hard, the Turkish president said on every TV channel that Kobanê would fall, that the Kurdish fighters will lose and ISIS would win. The people ofCizîr wanted to give a voice to Kobanê and to demonstrate against what the Turkish government was doing by helping Daesh. Demonstrations began in Cizîr and all over Turkey. The demonstrations in Cizîr began on 9 October 2014, which is the anniversary ofthe beginning ofthe international plot to arrest Abdullah Öcalan by the capitalist governments and Turkey. Every year there is a protest on this date. Last year we wanted to go out and protest as usual but the police attacked us with gas and water cannons – so the demonstrations began. As the demonstrations got bigger the army also began attacking us. These demonstrations lasted for a week, and after that they stopped.


The resistance started again on 27 December after Hezbollah attacked the HDP. We know that the army wanted a provocation so they did this with Hezbollah. The HDP's election car was touring around the city and Hezbollah stopped it and attacked it. They were carrying guns. They attacked the driver and announcer with fists and kicks. When they attacked the car, our young people defended the people inside it and the demonstrations started again. If they had not helped them maybe Hezbollah would have killed them.


There was a place where young people met every night. On the night of27 December the police attacked this place at 3.30am. After this attack the young people began to organise social defence ofthe city against the police by closing the streets with barricades. Then all of the people ofthe city joined them against the police and Hezbollah.


On the morning ofthe 27 December at 5am the first young person was killed by a police bullet, although we can’t be sure ifit was a police gun or Hezbollah. All we know is that he was killed by a professional sniper not an amateur. He was shot in the head. His name was Yasin Özer, he was 19. On the night of27 December they killed a second young person, Barış Dalmış – he was killed by Hezbollah. There is no real Hezbollah organisation. Ifthe army wants to say that another hand does all this killing then they use Hezbollah. Less than a hundred people are close to Hezbollah in Cizîr. They have no real power. It’s the Turkish police and army who do everything. They want people to think there are problems between the PKK and Hezbollah.


After the 28th the demonstrations continued. All ofthe people acted like an army ofsocial defence. They set up teams to watch their houses, streets and homes. After two weeks the government said they would stop their attack on the people. The young people began to open the barricades. Then the police attacked and killed another person, a 14 year old child called Ümit Kurt. He was killed with a police gun. Shot in the head. After that, the demonstrations started again as we knew we could not believe the police.


Every day our party [the HDP] did interviews on the TV saying "don’t be provoked". People listened but the police continued their provocation. After that Abdullah Öcalan sent a message to people in Cizîr to stop the demonstrations. Hatip Dicle, chiefofthe DTK [the Democratic Society Congress, an organisation which aims to establish democratic autonomy in North Kurdistan], came to Cizîr and read Öcalan’s statement. We were awaiting Öcalan’s message and it was a signal for us, it said to ‘stop’ so people opened the barricades. But even before Hatip Dicle arrived back in Amed another young person died. 12 year old Nihat Kazanhan was killed by a police gun – police used a shotgun and shot him in the head.


CW: What can people do in solidarity from outside Kurdistan?


What the Turkish military and police are doing is not only against the Kurdish people, it's against all the people in the world. We want people to give us a voice against this attack on our people. In Rojava there are many people from the UK, Europe and other countries fighting for the YPJ and YPG [the armed forces ofRojava]. We think that people in the UK have a voice to tell the truth about what the Turkish government is doing.


CW: Do you think that people should try to stop the supply ofarms to the Turkish police and army?


An army is not for genocide, not for killing civilians, the army should only be used for defence. But the government has used the army for genocide against the Kurdish people. When companies sell weapons to the Turkish police and army they are complicit in this genocide so they need to stop. You can sell something to a government for defence, but ifyou know that this government uses its weapons for genocide or attacks on other countries or civilians then you are a part ofthe genocide.


*The interviewee's name has been changed.

\section{living with turkish militarism in bakur}


This article first appeared on Corporate Watch on 18 December 2015. The interview below was carried out after the June 2015 election, but before the declarations of autonomy in Sur. It shows the repression and intimidation that the Kurdish population faces on a daily basis, whether they are under curfew or not.


In July 2015 we spoke to four young people in Amed about what it's like to grow up and live in a society where Turkish police and military repression is ever present.


All ofthe people we interviewed had recently moved to Amed from other parts of Turkey and Bakur. The names ofour interviewees have been changed at our own discretion.


Our interviewees begin by describing what it is like to be a student in Bakur. Hasan tells us:


“Sometimes we make little demonstrations at the university, and because ofthat the police take photographs ofus. I have friends who are socialists or communists and sometimes the police call them on their mobile phones and threaten them. They also pressure them by calling their families.


The police affect our lives everywhere. For example, when I came from my home in Gever [Yüksekova in Turkish, a town to the east of Amed] to university they stopped us and searched our clothes and bags a total ofseven times on one journey from Amed to Gever. In the city centre in Amed there are military bases to pressure and control people.”


People's barricades to keep out the police in Sur district ofAmed in 2015 (after we carried out our interview). Photo by Corporate Watch, November 2015.


Eliftells us that all men with Turkish ID cards have to do military service in the Turkish army, unless they can afford to pay the 15,000 Turkish lira fee to buy their way out ofit. Many poor people in Kurdistan cannot afford to do this. According to Elif: "In our country you have to go to the army as a man. Ifyou don’t go you won’t get a job, and you won’t marry. So it puts pressure on men.”


We ask whether it is common to see military vehicles on the street. Barış tells us that they are on the streets all the time: “It causes psychological problems. Everywhere you see armed people. It frightens us”. Hasan says:


“When we were babies, our mothers said “the police are coming. Ifyou cry, the police will come!” In other countries mothers might say that a monster is coming. Here there is a lullaby that says, “the army and police will take your father”.


We are told that it is normal to see Akrep (Scorpion) vehicles on the street, alongside TOMA water cannons. Akreps, manufactured by Turkish company Otokar, are used by both the police and the military. The TOMA is manufactured by two Turkish companies: Nurol Makina and Katmerciler. The engine is manufactured by Perkins, a subsidiary ofthe US based Caterpillar corporation.


It is common to hear the sound ofF16 planes overhead and the army uses helicopters too. Serdar tells us that these flights are used to put the population under psychological pressure:“Sometimes Kurdish people use fireworks so that the helicopters can’t


see and have to go another way.”


However, these planes are not only used for psychological effect. Hasan points out that F16s are also used to attack civilians. On 28 December 2011 34 cross-border traders from the village ofRoboski were killed after Turkish F16s attacked them. According to Serdar:


“Roboski is an example where they have used the planes to bomb people. They said that the people they attacked were terrorists but they were not terrorists. They were only selling oil in order to buy food.”


The F16s used by Turkey are manufactured by US arms giant, Lockheed Martin. Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) co-produced them and provide parts and modifications for the planes.


Serdar tells us that the use ofdrones is common over the city ofGever. Corporate Watch also witnessed drones being used in residential areas in Farqîn (Silvan in Turkish) in November 2015. Turkey uses Heron drones manufactured by Israel Aerospace Industries. A homegrown drone called the Anka, manufactured by Turkish Aerospace Industries, is also being trialled by the Turkish Air Force. The US has stationed Predator drones, manufactured by the US firm General Atomics, at Turkey's Incirlik airbase and shares intelligence from their flights with the Turkish military.

\section{Solidaritywith Kobanê}


We ask about the Serhildan (uprising) of6 and 7 October 2014. At that time the city of Kobanê in Rojava was under siege by Daesh. The Turkish state was attacking Kurdish


fighters trying to cross to Kobanê to fight Daesh and preventing supplies from entering Kobanê. At the same time, Turkey did not prevent Daesh fighters from entering Syria from Turkey. The serhildan began after President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that Kobanê was about to fall. People came out onto the streets in cities all over Bakur in solidarity with the people fighting in Rojava.


Serdar tells us: “I was in Gever at the time. Syrian and Turkish Kurds are like family. [When the Daesh attack on Kobanê began] the Turkish military closed the border and didn’t let us help people in Rojava. They thought they could stop the revolution that had begun there. They wanted to put people in Rojava under siege. They stopped medicines, clothes and food, too. They closed all of the border and we couldn’t send anything to Rojava. [President] Erdoğan said that Kobanê would fall.”


Barış continued: “People thought that the Turkish government was supporting Daesh and other terrorist groups. So people wanted to say that the Turkish government should help us, not help Daesh.”


According to Elif: “We just wanted the Turkish government to open the borders so we could help people in Rojava. A lot ofpeople passed into Rojava illegally; they couldn’t stop us. A close friend ofmine died in Rojava at Mistenûr Hill. He had been studying his masters degree, and he could speak four languages. He was Turkish and Sunni, not Kurdish or Alevi. His name was Paramaz Kızılbaş. He went to help the Rojava revolution because he was an internationalist. Another fighter, Ivana Hoffmann was an open lesbian who was killed by Daesh in the Rojava revolution.”


Ivana Hoffman was a German communist who was killed in Rojava in 2014 while fighting for the People's Protection Units.


We ask Elifwhat happened when demonstrations broke out in Amed at that time. She tells us that: “On the 6, 7 and 8 October 2014 the police announced a curfew and didn’t allow us to go on the streets. Because ofthis we couldn’t buy bread. During this period they didn’t use plastic bullets. They used real bullets. A man was shot in front ofmy house by the police.


On the 2nd day ofthe curfew I was here in Ofis [a neighbourhood ofAmed]. In the morning we needed bread. My friend went to buy bread and the police arrested him in front ofthe building even though he was wearing just shorts and a T- shirt and he had nothing in his hands. We screamed from the balcony but ifwe had gone downstairs they would have arrested us too and nothing would have changed. He said many times to the police, “I just want to go to the bakery.”


Ofis was really dangerous on those days. There were many street fights between the police and the people. Police used teargas and people threw stones back at them. There were continuous fires on the streets. The TOMA water cannons would put them out and then people would light them again.


During the curfew, I saw an unmarked car with no number plate drive up and police got out. They tried to arrest a man wearing a black T-shirt.


Some elderly women saw this and they ran up to the police and tried to take the young man from them. One ofthe police shot into the sky. One man ran over and kicked one ofthe policemen. The policeman shot the man who had kicked him as he was running away. I don’t know ifhe was badly injured but he had blood coming from his shoulder. It was an unmarked car without a number plate.”


Serdar tells us that: “On October 6 2014 in Gever the uprising started, like in other cities, and lasted five days. The police wouldn't allow people to march so there was fighting. You could see the cloud ofteargas in the sky. The protesters were using stones and some young people were using Molotov cocktails. Normally the army controls the city centre in Gever. You can see lots ofpolice and army on the streets all the time. In other parts ofthe city military bases are being built. The army controls all ofthe entrance and exits to the city. In general, during protests some people rock the TOMAs and Akreps until they fall. In all ofTurkey there are lots ofCCTV cameras and during the Kobanê demonstrations in 2014 lots ofpeople broke the cameras. People bring sugar with them to help with the effects of teargas.”


We ask how the response to demonstrations in Bakur differs from the policing ofthe Gezi protests in Istanbul. Elifresponds:


“The force here is not just police. It is also army and [Kurdish] Hezbollah. It is more violent here. For 21 days I stayed in Gezi but I saw nothing like here. You can look at the numbers killed: 52 people [killed in Bakur] in just three days.”


In comparison, 11 people were killed over almost two months during the Gezi uprising.


During the uprising in solidarity with Kobanê in 2014, Kurdish Hezbollah (KH) carried out attacks in many Kurdish cities. Eliftells us:


“When the government loses power here they give Hezbollah weapons and tell them to go on the


streets. It was the same in the 1990s. I saw them coming to a house close to mine with guns and banging on the door shouting Allahu Akhbar. They took people from the building and we didn’t see them again.”


We ask Elifwhether she thinks that governments like the UK should grant export licenses for the sale ofarms to Turkey. She responds: “Ofcourse not. Their licenses kill our people. Militarism supports the system. It’s part ofthe system. We have to defend ourselves but we are not militarists.”


Democratic confederalism


Elifand Serdar tell us how the establishment ofan autonomous region in Rojava (within the borders ofSyria) based on democratic confederalism gives them hope that one day the system established in Rojava can be put in place in Bakur too.


Serdar explains that: “Capitalism has more power here in Amed than in other places in Kurdistan. But in the Gever area it's different. We have nearly the same system as Rojava in the small towns. In my village, the system is like the Rojava system. I am also in the council for ecology in Amed and we are trying to get away from capitalism.”


We ask what people can do from outside of Kurdistan in solidarity with the struggle for autonomy in Bakur. They ask us to raise awareness ofwhat's going on in Kurdistan, and try to force European governments not to support Turkish military policies. They ask us to campaign against the sale ofarms to Turkey. Finally, they want to work together with other anti-capitalists. Barış says hopefully:“It’s a big dream but maybe we can make a big anti-capitalist union.”


LGBT struggles in BAKUR


In Turkey's general election in June and November 2015, the People's Democratic Party (HDP) gained seats in the Turkish parliament. This is the first time ever that a party that supports Kurdish autonomy has passed the 10\% threshold required to gain any seats. The HDP has been speaking out in support oflesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people. The party has a 10 per cent quota for LGBT people when fielding candidates.


We ask ifthe situation for LGBT people in Bakur has changed because ofthis. Serdar replies:


“It’s difficult. LGBT communities in Turkey and Kurdistan have to be secret. They would only tell close friends about their sexuality. In cities it’s a little less bad but we are still really oppressed by our families. Roşın Çıçek, a gay man, was murdered by his family in Amed in 2012. Things are changing but really slowly because the religious people here are really closed minded about LGBT people. The Kurdish movement has to do a lot of work about these things. Members ofthe


HDP need to educate themselves and then teach other people. It’s really brave that LGBT people are in the HDP. Their words are brave but they need to be more than words.


There has been an LGBT group in Amed for the last three years and we are working in the Amed Ecological Council and in the conscientious objectors movement, as many LGBT people are conscientious objectors. We also monitor cases where LGBT people are killed or violence has been committed against them. We are starting to be more visible. We have started to go with our LGBT flag to both the 1st May and Newroz celebrations.”


According to Barış, who is from Antakya: "We saw that there was an LGBT movement in Amed, so Arabic Alevis formed one in Antakya too. We support each other.”


To find out more about LGBTI movements in Turkey, go to lgbtinewsturkey.com


The site has a list ofLGBTI organisations in Turkey and some in Bakur.

\section{Women on the frontlines of Kurdish struggles: An interview with JINHAwomen's news agency}


First published on 21 January 2016. There is a May 2016 update at the end ofthe article. This interview took place before the declarations ofautonomy in various cities.


In 2015, Corporate Watch visited Bakur (meaning 'North' in Kurmanji), the Kurdish region within Turkey's borders. We interviewed two journalists from JINHA (Jin Haber Ajansı), an all- women news agency made up ofmostly Kurdish women, based in Amed (Diyarbakır in Turkish).


Our meeting with JINHA took place just after the Turkish election in June 2015. Since our interviews, the Turkish state has begun a new war on its Kurdish population. Cities have been attacked by the police and military with mortars, tanks and


helicopters and every day Kurdish citizens are being murdered. People in cities across Bakur have erected barricades in their neighbourhoods to defend themselves against the violence and are trying to organise autonomously from the state.


For four years, JINHA journalists have been reporting the crimes ofthe Turkish state and have suffered a great deal ofrepression. Their website has been hacked five times in these four years and has been blocked by a state court order. Their journalists have been threatened


Above: JINHA journalist Asya Tekin. Photo provided by JINHA.


by the police, including death threats, and have been targeted with live ammunition while carrying out their work as reporters. Women from the news agency have also been arrested. On 19th December 2015, Beritan Canözer was charged with 'aiding a terrorist organisation', while Vildan Atmaca was charged with 'defaming the President through social media and propagandising for a terrorist organisation'. Atmaca's next hearing in court will be held today, on 21st January, 2016. Another JINHA journalist, Rojda Oğuz, was arrested on the 8th January 2016 and charged with 'being a member ofa terrorist organisation'. Her phone calls were tapped by the police, and she and Beritan are in prison pending their trials.


Meanwhile, the co-Mayor (Kurdish municipalities have two mayors, one man and one woman) ofthe municipality ofthe town ofSuruç has been arrested on various charges; one of which is that the municipality subscribed to JİNHA. According to the news agency, the payment for the subscription “was considered as 'transferring money to a terror organisation'”.


We were lucky enough to interview journalists Asya Tekin and Sarya Gözüoğlu, just two ofthe courageous women who write for JINHA. The interviews took place before the latest assaults by the Turkish military on Kurdish cities.

\section{Interview with Asya Tekİn}


Corporate Watch: Can you describe JINHA?


Asya: JINHA was founded four years ago on 8 March 2012, which was International Women's Day. Its goal is to cover women's issues from women’s perspectives with only female reporters. It was founded in Amed. Since then, a network ofreporters has developed all over Kurdistan – we now have 40 staff. Legally we’re a company but we work as a women’s collective.


It’s an agency ofmainly Kurdish women, but as it’s grown it has tried to engage more with women’s problems around the world on a global level.


We have a website and a visual service that sends coverage from around the region to different channels, and we also send news to a lot ofnewspapers in the region.


CW: Does JİNHA experience prejudice because it’s a women's new agency?


When it comes to our news being picked up, there's a lot ofdifficulties. Our subscribers are made up ofthe leftist media and alternative media. Big news channels generally don’t subscribe. Media usually presents women in a sensationalist and tabloidised way, but we present a woman’s perspective on women’s struggles. This isn't something that readers and


viewers here are used to seeing. So we have lots ofdifficulties with subscriptions.


Our reporters also experience difficulties when they're out reporting. People say that women can’t do war reporting and there is the assumption that the people holding the camera should be men. There is discrimination from colleagues and every day people.


CW: Can you tell us about day to day life and the violence that you experience from the Turkish police and the military in Kurdistan?


Daily life here makes me feel unsafe, especially as a woman reporter. As a female reporter, every day it’s possible to be under attack. During the [2015 Turkish general] election campaign we went to the Black Sea region. We were harassed by police and we were followed by an unmarked car all the way to Malatya. We complained to the police, saying that we knew that it was them, and the police seemed to accept this but wouldn't do anything about the complaint. I don't feel safe here.


This is a country where there's a serious struggle for women's liberation. Women like Deniz Firat [a Kurdish female correspondent working for Firat News Agency, killed by Daesh in 2014] and others like her who were murdered doing this job give inspiration and strength to me.


Deniz Firat. Photo from bianet.org


I see myselfas a journalist working in a state ofwar and I see what I do as being on the frontlines ofthat struggle. The attacks may have a psychological affect but not enough to make me give up.


When you see this much injustice around you, you have to report on it. The news that you choose to make can put you on the right side. Ofcourse, the news needs to be as objective as possible but when you see a state that is committing so much injustice you have to report it from the right side. In fact, as a journalist it's your responsibility to be on the side ofwhat’s right. In an ethical and moral sense, as a person I feel a responsibility to do what's right. Of course we’re journalists, but I am also a Kurdish woman, so I feel a responsibility for what’s going on.


We don’t just make news about the women who resist; we make news about women who can’t resist, who live under conditions ofnear slavery. This is our duty as women journalists. It’s the approach ofour agency that we are on the side ofwomen and women’s freedom in every situation. To the same extent that we make news about women who are resisting, we make news about women who are being abused, held down, exposed to discrimination. And we see it as showing the struggles ofall women, and what women’s struggles are really like.


For example, a woman who is raped by Daesh, left in a state where she can’t do anything, can barely live. We try to report her story and give her a voice because we share her pain.


When I see this patriarchal system that can do these kinds ofthings to women, that's what makes me a journalist. And that’s what reminds me of the importance ofbeing a woman reporter.


CW: Your work must have big psychological effects on all ofyou. Do you do anything to support each other?


Most recently in the Diyarbakır bombing [ofthe People's Democratic Party rally on 5th June 2015], we were talking to women who had their legs blown off. We were running past human flesh on the street.


As Kurdish people we are adjusted to trauma. What we are doing is not primarily as a commitment to journalism but to women's activism. This is what keeps us going.


There have been threats by [Kurdish] Hezbollah and Daesh but this doesn't make us want to stop what we're doing. It makes us more committed to what we're doing.


CW: Can you explain what happened in September 2014 when you went to the Kobanê border during the Daesh attacks on the city?


On 17th September the attack on Kobanê began. When we first received the news that Daesh were attacking Kobanê, we got into the car and headed to the border.


There were thousands ofpeople trying to cross the border [into Turkey] who were afraid of Daesh, and afraid ofsavage things happening to them. They were mostly women, children, elderly people. People were crossing with giant bags ofstuff, with their cars and sheep. There was no water and food. The [Turkish] police opened fire with teargas. People on this side of the border know about teargas, but people from Rojava had never experienced it before and they thought it was a chemical weapon attack against them. That was what they were most familiar with, so they hid under blankets. A reporter from IMC ran to help them and told them that they needed to run away from the teargas. A lot ofwomen were screaming because they couldn't find their children.


There were hundreds ofjournalists there and they were also attacked. A lot ofjournalists stopped their journalism role, abandoned our jobs, because we needed to help the people urgently.


That was the first day. After that there was an attack every day. Turkish police and soldiers were there in their thousands and launched attacks with teargas, batons, and with live ammunition. There were tanks, soldiers on foot, and bullets being fired.


There was no where to hide. You couldn’t know where attacks were going to happen. Sometimes we would run from an attack and run into teargas or a tank.


CW: What was the motive for these attacks?


The attacks were entirely aimed at lowering morale in Kobanê and stopping people from supporting Kobanê. Being at the border was the only way for people to help those in Kobanê.


Turkish soldiers ultimately support Daesh and they didn’t want to see people in Kobanê get support because they wanted to see Daesh win. They didn’t want to see solidarity with the YPG and YPJ [People's Protection Units ofRojava].


One woman had a child fighting against Daesh in Kobanê, so she came to join the resistance and go and fight alongside her child. Everyday she was waiting on the roofnearby the border to wait for the border to open.


CW: Were you attacked for being a journalist?


Ofcourse. Also, we didn’t have [state issued] yellow press cards, so the army wanted to try to push us out ofthe area. They were trying to stop us reporting by any way that was possible.


CW: What happened here on 6\Slash{}7 October 2014 when Turkish President Erdoğan announced that Kobanê would fall?


On the 6th and 7th October, people came out onto the streets. So we got in a taxi to Şilbe district and the scene that we saw was like a war zone.


JINHA journalist Beritan Canözer was charged with “aiding a terrorist organisation” in December 2015. Photo by JINHA.


There were tanks and police armoured vehicles called Akreps (Scorpions). There were two ofus from JINHA and two from DİHA news agency. We got out ofthe taxi and went to take a short video. As we got back into


the taxi the police fired a teargas capsule from one ofthe Akreps directly into the taxi. The windows broke and I felt the teargas capsule go past my head. The four ofus and the taxi driver were inside with the cloud ofteargas. I couldn’t breathe. With teargas that always happens. Ifyou’re someone with heart or breathing problems you're likely to die. We all rushed out ofthe car. The teargas was so thick that ifwe hadn't got out then we could have died. The canister nearly hit my head. I would have been killed ifit had hit me. The car was completely ruined.


They were attacking everyone on the streets.


When we got our senses back we said that we weren't going to take any footage. We were under the threat ofdeath ifwe continued shooting footage.


A green coloured Scorpion vehicle was used by the police to fire teargas from a little hole in the vehicle. They open an opening, shoot the teargas and close the opening.


We found teargas canisters that showed that the police were using them past their expiration date in Amed and in Suruç, on the border with Kobanê. There was a warning on the canisters: “Ifnot used within six months it can cause fatality”.


The police used tanks, Scorpions, normal police vehicles and TOMA [water cannons] that day. CW: What’s your opinion ofthe companies who manufacture weapons for the Turkish military?


I see it as wrong to hold the companies as primarily responsible. The nation state consolidates their power by using these weapons. States need them to hold onto their repressive power.


Until this goes away, these companies won’t go away. But I see these companies also as the killers ofchildren. Their directors are absolutely party to a murder.


CW: Do you think that governments should give licenses for the export ofweapons to Turkey?


Why is it that these weapons always get sent to the Middle East? Why is it that the whole world fights its wars in the Middle East? Why is it that everywhere you go, on every street corner here you see a policeman holding a weapon and he knows how to kill someone, and when you go to Europe you don’t see a weapon anywhere? Why do we have to live in a land where there are weapons everywhere?


Ifthese weapons hadn’t flooded the Middle East then groups like Daesh couldn’t exist. And now it's at the point where people living here need a weapon for selfdefence. A woman in the YPJ [Women's People's Protection Unit in Rojava] needs to pick up a weapon.


Ifyou're somebody who is living there and you're facing the most savage force in the world, you have to pick up the weapon that they pick up to defend yourself..


Ofcourse, the Kurdish people have a strong will to resist but ifonly we lived in a world where we could do it with civil disobedience or having debates. Unfortunately we’re living in the Middle East and that's not possible.


We want to live in a world where we don’t have to pick up a weapon. I hope that one day people won’t go to war any more. I hope that the resistance ofthe YPJ will bring a day where people can live in peace and have a life without war.


Ultimately Kurdish women have become a source ofhope for women around the world. They have been raped and killed. They have had their existence completely denied and they are the ones resisting. Now they are the hope. And it makes us happy to make news about the people doing this resistance.


CW: What can people outside ofKurdistan do in solidarity?


One thing that I want is for all the people who are oppressed in the Middle East and who are forced to live a life ofwar to one day stand together and come back to their real roots. I want to see this outside ofKurdistan, too.


Ultimately the terrorism and violence didn’t come from this place, it came from the west. People in the west need to ask themselves what to do about that.


JINHA journalist Rojda Oğuz was imprisoned in January 2016. Photo by JINHA.

\section{Interviewwıth jinhajournalist Sarya Gözüoğlu}


Corporate Watch: Can you tell us what it's like to grow up with Turkish militarism?


Sarya: Since the day we were born this is how we have been living. We’re adjusted to this and every day you could lose somebody. Sometimes even to the extent that we think that normal Turkish people’s lives must be boring. We're so adjusted to this that every day is like an action movie. It doesn’t seem strange to us any more. When we were little we didn’t feel like this - we weren’t conscious ofit - but when we left home we realised that this was the way oflife here. I have always lived in Amed. Ofcourse it's always been scary to see people's houses being raided by the police, taking their stuff, putting people under arrest. The fear brought with it the commitment to act against it.


CW: What made you become a journalist at JINHA?


It has been my dream since I was a little girl. But without JINHA I might never have had the courage as it is so difficult for female journalists. There was a journalist who was killed who was a close friend ofmy uncle and this inspired me because my uncle was really affected by it. I didn’t study journalism; I studied agricultural engineering so I don’t have that background, but it's always been my dream. JINHA gave me that opportunity. It gave me confidence because everyone's a woman here. Some people here didn’t finish school at all, others were teachers. Seeing this diversity made me realise that I could do it too. Most people weren’t trained in journalism but got trained here.


CW: Is it difficult for women here to be journalists?


Ofcourse I experience prejudice being a woman journalist. When you're out there as a journalist you are in an army ofmen. 90\% ofjournalists are men and they have the perception that they need to be the best and that women can’t take good footage. When we go to a hard-to-get event the men say, “it's too bad you don’t have a man with you to get the piece”. Ifjournalists can’t look at their own colleagues without discrimination, how can they do objective work?


CW: Can you tell us about your experiences?


The worst one was the explosion [at the People's Democratic Party (HDP) pre-election rally in Amed in June 2015] recently, and then the curfew on the 6th and 7th October 2014. It was like people’s lives didn’t have any value. When the rally was bombed there was a mother and both ofher legs were blown offin the explosion. Two young people tried to pick her up and she said, “no, I will walk.” She didn't know she had lost her legs. Seeing things like that is really difficult.


In 2013, there was a protest in Lice against the high security military post that was being built there. There were 10 [Turkish] tanks opening fire on the crowd with live ammunition. The area is a mountainous area and there was a bridge over a canyon across the two cliffs. The youths had dug trenches on both sides ofthe bridge so soldiers weren’t able to approach and to stop the movement ofthe tanks.


There were clashes all the time for twenty four hours. Every 5 or 10 minutes they would fire teargas and the youths would fight back with molotovs. The actual live ammunition was shot from rifles from far away. They announced “members ofpress take cover” while they opened fire on the crowd. Every couple ofhours they would open fire with live ammunition but the teargas was constant.


There were four people who were killed. Two by the police fire, two in an explosion. The number ofthe wounded was really high.


The soldiers were on the other side ofthe bridge, so the youths would run onto the bridge and throw stones and then run back. The two people who were shot were doing that. Ramazan Baran was first shot through his leg. He was on the ground defenceless but they continued to shoot him through the chest and the bullet left through his back. He was 25 years old.


Ramazan was one ofthe people I had interviewed earlier in the day, although he had been wearing a mask. He made a joke with us and made us laugh.


The other person was shot in his lower back and the bullet left his body through his throat. CW: What do you think ofthe companies who manufacture the weapons for the Turkish army?


Ofcourse these weapons shouldn’t be sold to the Turkish government but the Turkish state will always be able to find something to use as a weapon no matter what happens.


CW: Do you think that governments should provide licenses for weapons?


They shouldn’t be allowed to sell these weapons. The fewer weapons there are, the more peace there will be.


CW: What’s the most useful form ofaction ordinary people living outside ofKurdistan can do in solidarity with people here?


The most important thing is for people to expose the kind ofviolence that’s happening because the Turkish mainstream press doesn’t report this.


CW: Has the revolution in Rojava given you any hope for here?


Rojava should not just give hope for Kurdistan but for the rest ofthe world, too. This revolution took place in a region that no-one knows about. For this resistance to make its name around the world shows that anything is possible and shows that people can decide on the future they want with their own willpower. This can give people hope all around the world.


CW: Does taking action against the supply ofweapons to Turkey support the revolutionary movements in Rojava?


Yes absolutely. Any action against the supply ofweapons to Turkey supports the struggle in Rojava because Turkey is the country supplying money and weapons to Daesh.


MAY 2016 update on the repression of JINHAjournalists


- On 30 March 2016, JINHA journalist Manolya Bulut was detained in Erzurum University on suspicion of"making terrorist propaganda". She was released later that day after giving a


- Vildan Atmaca was taken into custody on November 13 She was accused of "making terrorist propaganda" after she posted a picture ofYPJ fighter Arin Mirkan on social media. Vildan was released on December 29 after the first hearing. On 29 March 2016, Vildan was acquitted ofcharges, along with four other journalists. One journalist was sentenced to one year in prison.


- In December 2015, Beritan Canözer was imprisoned for three months and charged with aiding a terrorist She was released from Bakırköy women's closed prison after her first court hearing on 29 March 2016. However, on 10 May 2016, Beritan was sentenced to one year and three months in prison for "making propaganda for a terrrorist organisation."


- On 28 March 2016, Rojda Oğuz was released from A student ofVan Yüzüncü Yıl University, her student dormitory was raided and she was arrested on 5 January 2016. Rojda was jailed and sent to Van M Type Closed Prison.


The persecution of JINHA journalists continues. Please read jinha.com.tr for more updates.

\section{The Roboski massacre:}

\section{An Interview with Servet EncU, a survivor}


On one ofour recent visits to Bakur, we visited Roboski and its surrounding villages. On 28 December 2011, thirty-four people, many ofwhom were teenagers, were massacred in this region by Turkey's military.


The villagers were crossing the mountains on mules to collect sugar and diesel from their relatives in South [Iraqi] Kurdistan. They were killed when two F16 fighter planes bombed them. For Kurds, the Roboski massacre will go down in history as one ofthe most atrocious crimes by the state against its Kurdish population.


When we visited the Roboski area in 2015, we were shocked by the number ofTurkish military bases on the mountains, keeping an ever-present surveillance on the Kurdish civilians. On the roads surrounding the villages, we encountered military checkpoint after checkpoint and were questioned as to why we were there and where we were going.


We interviewed Servet Encu, a Kurdish man who was born in 1979 and lives in the village of Şantiye. Servet was one ofthe few survivors ofthe Roboski massacre. In 1993, when he was thirteen years old, Turkey's military burnt down his village and its residents were tortured (in the 1990s, Turkey burnt down or forcibly evacuated thousands ofKurdish villages).


Servet Encu in his childhood village, which was destroyed by the military in the 90s. Photo by Corporate Watch, July 2015.


Corporate Watch: What was life like here before the massacre?


Servet: In the 1960s and 1970s we didn’t have a border. It was easy to go to the Iraqi side and exchange sugar, tea and walnuts. In the 1990s, we couldn’t make a living any more because we were forced to leave our village and there were no trees or crops, so we started to do cross- border trade.


The military put landmines on the border in the 1990s to try to stop the trade. Between 2006 and 2009, one military officer allowed us to do border trade because we had no money. He retired and after that the highest officer stopped us.


CW: What happened on the day ofthe Roboski massacre?


It was cold and there was snow that day. The boys played football before they went. We wanted to bring diesel, a few cigarettes and some sugar over the border from South Kurdistan. We wanted to keep the sugar for ourselves and sell the diesel.


People left from Gülyazı, Şantiye and Roboski villages. We left our village at 3pm. The military were dropping bombs from the Gülyazı Köyü military base to scare us off. But bombing happened all the time at that time - it was normal. Thirty-eight ofus continued towards the border and thirty-five others turned back.


150 people could have died that day [as 150 people had planned to go]. Some people had heard the sound ofdrones that afternoon and decided not to go, and I think some people were warned not to go by some responsible people in their villages, but we didn’t hear anything.


Others didn't go because they hadn’t sold their diesel from last time and didn’t have enough containers.


At around 6pm we went to the Haftanin guerilla camp in South Kurdistan, close to Zahko. We have relatives from South Kurdistan who bring sugar and diesel to the guerilla camp. At 8pm we started to return. We were in two groups. The other group was 500m away from mine, on the South Kurdistan side. At the number 15 border stone, we waited for a phone call because we wanted to know ifthere were soldiers around. We found out that the military had blocked the roads.


At 8.40pm an F16 came. With F16s you don’t hear them until they’re close. At the time, I was checking on my mule. I was 15 metres away from the rest of the group. Suddenly the military dropped a big bomb. There was a light from the bomb. I was thrown 50 metres away and I fell down. There were human and animal pieces raining from the sky.


I screamed. I acted like I had died and still the bombing continued for forty-five minutes. I rolled down the mountain towards the Turkish side and fell into a big hole in the snow. I thought that the bombs were going to kill me or I was going to freeze there.


Forty-five minutes later they attacked and killed the other group. They hadn’t moved from their position after we were bombed because they'd waited there to see ifthey could help us.


At the same time, the villagers were ringing the military base, asking about the bombing. The military said:“We are just trying to scare them off.” I had a radio and asked ifanyone could hear me. One villager from Roboski heard me. I said:“They have killed my friends and I’m the only one alive.” The villager didn’t believe me because they had spoken to the military. The villager rang the military back and said: “You killed them”. After that the military retreated.


Two or three hours later, people were able to come to help. I heard voices coming but I was in the hole. I screamed to the people to help me. I didn’t have any injuries. They got me out ofthe hole. The villagers removed me from the scene ofthe massacre and brought me down the mountain.


The military didn’t let an ambulance through. Ifan ambulance had come then five or six other people could have survived.


A boy who survived the massacre had pieces ofa bomb in his face. He was trying to call his relatives but his mouth was full ofsnow. He was in intensive care for one month and in hospital for one year. Some ofthe young boys lost their heads, legs and arms. Six or seven people were still alive and they died from freezing. The soldiers didn’t help us.


People put the bodies and body parts into bags. They were hurrying because they didn’t want to be accused ofhelping terrorists. I was worried that the government would put guns by the bodies and say that the people killed had been terrorists. We were worried about what the government might do or say.


Tractors and mules came for the bodies and brought them down to the sports area, where the boys had played football the day before, in the morning.


The military said: “We are going to take the bodies to Malatya.” There’s an airforce base there. The villagers didn’t accept this. The military said that they were PKK guerillas and that this is what they do with guerillas' bodies. In the end, ambulances took the bodies to Uludere. A medical doctor came for an autopsy.


CW: Can you tell us about the funeral?


The body parts ofthe humans were mixed with the mules. We washed the bodies. We put


them in thirty-four coffins on the December 29. The next day we had a funeral. One day later most ofthe people in Turkey were celebrating new year.


No government people came to the funeral. The AKP [the ruling party] said that they were coming but the villagers didn’t want them to. We put yellow, green and red [Kurdish] flags on the coffins. Later, the judge called people to court to ask why they had used these flags. We said: “The Kurdish party supported us so we used these colours.”


CW: Did Turkish TV report the massacre?


Someone called a Kurdish TV channel, ROJ TV, and they announced the massacre on the news because on Turkish TV channels you didn't hear anything. For 28 hours the Turkish channels didn’t report anything.


CW: How many people died in your family?


My wife, Sevim, lost two brothers. They were 15 and 21 years old. She lost a total ofnine people in her family, and I lost eleven.


CW: You spoke out about the massacre. Were you the only survivor to do this?


The others didn’t talk about the massacre. One was in hospital and they paid the youngest survivor money so that he wouldn’t talk. The judges called one man and gave him money to become a ranger [or village guard, a paramilitary organisation that works with the Turkish military]. The judges called me and offered me money to become a ranger, too. I said no.


An Inspector came from Ankara and asked me ifI wanted money. I said, “I want justice for thirty-four people who died”. The governor ofŞırnak invited me to his town. I went with two others – one was a father who had lost his son. The governor asked me ifI wanted money. He told me that I had lost my mind and that I needed to be cured in hospital because I said that I wanted justice. I said that I would go to the hospital, but I escaped to South Kurdistan with my family three months after the attack. We stayed there for nine months. Then we moved home using the same border trade route, because I don’t have ID to cross legally.


I could go to prison or I could be the thirty-fifth person who dies. Whatever they do, I will talk about it. Because I survived the Roboski massacre, I want to help bring justice.


CW: Have you suffered from more state repression since then?


At the beginning of2014, lots ofmilitary trucks came here. They started shooting and one boy was shot and injured. People damaged their trucks and broke their guns. I wasn't there. The


military didn’t want people to do any more border trade. They wanted to make a road between the military bases, crossing the massacre point. A couple ofdays later, the military came and raided houses and they made the excuse that they were searching for missing guns.


They broke my door down and destroyed my picture ofthe thirty-four people killed in the massacre. I was arrested at 4am. Six family members ofthose who were massacred were also arrested and we were released at 9pm. I was arrested because I spoke out about the massacre.


On 8 March 2014 somebody came and attacked our house with a Kalashnikov. It was a professional person. We couldn’t find any bullet cases. They had collected them. Luckily, no one was hurt. No one came to help us that night. The military came the next day. They were outside the house with guns.


CW: Have you done any cross-border trade since the massacre?


When we were living in the old village [in the 1990s] we were growing everything. We had our own wheat and fruit. Now I still trade over the border as I have no other income. My grandfather did it, my father did it. We have never killed anyone. Whenever I go past the massacre place now, I remember what happened.


CW: What do you think ofthe companies who make the weapons that carried out the massacre?


I don’t want them to be sold to the Turkish military. These weapons are killing us. They are killing Kurdish people.


CW: The British government provides licenses to sell weapons components to Turkey. Do you think they should do this?


They shouldn’t give permission. Ifthere were no weapons we could have peace. We don’t want war, we want peace. We want support so that we can have peace and so that we can speak our own language. My mother tongue is Kurdish. IfI were to tell you not to speak your mother tongue ofEnglish, would that be right? The worst that could happen to me has happened. Now I live only for them.


One ofServet's relatives who was killed in the massacre. Photo by Corporate Watch, July 2015.


[image]


Relatives ofthose killed in the massacre and their supporters hold a demonstration at the cemetery where their loved ones are buried every Thursday. They are calling for justice over the killing oftheir loved ones.


You can read about their campaign on \href{http://barisicinaktivite.com/}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}barisicinaktivite.com} (mainly in Turkish).


Relatives visit the graves oftheir loved ones in Roboski. Photo by Corporate Watch, July 2015.


Theystole mychildhood:

\section{The trauma of being a Kurdish child in the 1990S in Turkey}


This article was first published on 30 March 2016.


Turkey's latest attacks on its Kurdish population follow on from decades of repression and ethnic cleansing by the state ofTurkey, its military and its police. In the 1990s, more than 3,000 villages in the Kurdish countryside were destroyed and ef ectively wiped from existence. The Kurdish population were uprooted from their land, and many were forced to migrate to the cities. Roughly three million people had to flee their homes. Thousands ofpeople were also killed and many disappeared.


The aim ofburning down the villages was to assimilate the Kurdish population, in an attempt to erase their culture, their language, and their identities.


Today, various Kurdish cities have declared themselves autonomous ofthe state, and many of those involved in these movements for autonomy are the same people who were forced from their villages in the 1990s, or their daughters and sons. The police and military are currently waging a bloody war against this movement.


Last year, Corporate Watch visited the village ofRoboski and its surrounding areas. We interviewed Botan Şanstêrk*, who talked to us about the trauma ofbeing a Kurdish child in the 1990s. Botan spoke quietly and emotionally to us. A lifetime ofgriefwas evident on his face and in his voice. He also spoke to us about the Roboski massacre, which took place on 28 December 2011, when 34 Kurdish cross border traders were killed by a Turkish F-16 strike.


Botan is calling for a boycott oftourism in Turkey and for demonstrations against Turkish Airlines.


Corporate Watch: Where were you born?


Botan: I was born in Eski [Old] Hilal in 1985. There were about 6,000 people living in Eski Hilal at that time, and 800 houses. The nature was really green and there was lots offresh water. The town had a revolutionary soul; it had been burnt down seven times during the Ottoman era because the town was against Ottoman rule. In the old days, Armenians and Assyrians also lived in this area.


CW: Can you describe your experiences ofbeing a child in the 1980s and 1990s?


We were against the system and the government saw us as an enemy. Each house had martyrs [family members who had been killed]. They were either killed by the government or they went to become guerillas [for the Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK)] and had been killed by the Turkish military. When I was a child, the military took people away all the time, even at night. They often took people to the military base. Villagers were put into prison for three or four years for wearing the puşi [Kurdish headscarf]. When I was 1 or 2 years old the military took women and men to an open area ofland and they tortured the men to force them to become rangers [a paramilitary organisation made up ofKurdish villagers, which worked alongside the Turkish military, also known as 'village guards'].


Most ofthe bad treatment happened in my village between 1992 and 1994. The mayor ofthe town went missing. They killed him in a car and then set the car on fire. The state did it but no-one was prosecuted.


Later on, a military officer wrote a book and gave the names ofthe killers. The state killed three ofmy relatives during this time.


When I was about 8 years old, in 1993, the military told us that they were going to demolish our homes. I saw the army taking our furniture from our house and burning it. My mother saw the soldiers with my school bag and told them not to burn it. They burnt it anyway, with my school books in. When the military were leaving, they killed our animals and demolished


Previous page: Families attend a demonstation in the cemetery in Roboski to commemorate those killed in the 2011 Roboski massacre, July 2015. Photo by Corporate Watch.


some ofour houses. We needed to find safe places to stay, so we stayed at camps near the village.


After the military left, the government banned food from coming to us. For eleven months they put an embargo on our village and the school and health centre closed down. We had to walk 5km to a school in another village - 10km per day, which was tough for someone so small. When I was at school, I was beaten and punished by the Turkish state teachers because I couldn't pronounce Turkish correctly.


The military came back in the spring. They put everyone in one big area. They told us that we had to leave the village by September. They said that ifwe didn't leave, they would burn down the village. They said, “Ifyou are Kurdish, we will take you to the border ofIraq and you have to leave. Ifyou say that you are Turkish you can settle down all around Turkey.” They also said that we had to speak Turkish, and not Kurdish, at home.


In 1994, a few thousand villagers left for South [Iraqi] Kurdistan. They went to eight different camps. My mother’s brothers went and my brother followed later. I moved to Yeni [New] Hilal with my parents, on the main road. We built this new village ourselves. The government assisted us because we declared that we were Turkish. But then they cut the financial help, so we had to sell our animals. The army moved us to Yeni Hilal because they wanted to divide us and make us less strong. They wanted to control us and they could do this better from the new location.


In 1995, when I was ten years old, the military took my father to an army base. They hung him by his arms for fifteen days. He was the head ofan extended family. They were trying to force him to give people’s names so that the military could force people to become rangers [village guards]. My father said that he wouldn't give anyone's name, and that he would never become a ranger. They threatened to kill him. Some people voluntarily came from the family and gave their names so that he would be released.


When I was 11 or 12 years old, my older brother refused to do military service. The military put a landmine in our garden and my brother died. My other brother was taken to the military by force. He had to go to İsparta for 18 months. We had to have guns in our houses to protect ourselves. My sister was doing cleaning and she accidentally shot herself. She died at 17 years old.


During this period, it was worst for the children because they stole our childhood. After school time, military officers would come and teach us about how great it was to be a Turk. They tried to brainwash us at school too.


Between 1998 and 2004, I left Yeni Hilal and went to boarding school. I paid money not to go in the army – about 18,000 lira [£4,400]. My parents were quite old at that time and they suffered a lot economically because ofthis.


The Hilal people were always against assimilation. We saw how people were treated by the government and so some ofthe village became [PKK] guerillas. My schoolmate joined the guerillas after his brother was killed. Roughly 800 people from our village have become guerillas in the 30 years that the PKK has existed.


CW: What is daily life like now?


When the state kills people in the villages they say it was the PKK. They then give one relative from the dead person's family a government job. They want to assimilate us economically.


There’s not many jobs here so the only solution is to become a ranger.


We see the military bases every day. This is a form ofviolence against us and they make me uncomfortable. The army doesn’t drive along our road much. They use the other side ofthe river, but I hear helicopters often. I woke up to the sound ofthem a couple ofdays ago and I thought that something was happening again. It reminds me ofthose days in the 90s and ofthe childhood I didn’t have.


CW: Can you tell us about the Roboski massacre on 28th December 2011?


When the Roboski massacre occurred, I rushed to the spot straight away. We collected the body parts. The bodies were taken to Uludere and I stood there whilst people washed the bodies. I knew some ofthe people who were killed.


When the military carried out the massacre, they thought that no-one would speak out about it. But three villages have come together and they’re doing regular demonstrations.


It has become the culture ofthe state to massacre nature, humans and animals. Ifthere was a forest fire in central and western Turkey, the government would try everything to put the fire out. Here in Kurdistan, the military try everything to destroy the people, the nature, the animals. Twenty years ago we had forests and animals. But they burnt the forests and killed the animals. Our historical places are the same. They’re destroying them as well, along with the old Armenian and Assyrian churches.


The state has a big hatred for Kurdish people and Kurdish places. They want to flood Hasankeyfand the surrounding villages [The state-approved Ilısu Dam will displace up to


[image]


78,000 people ofmostly Kurdish ethnicity when it is completed, and flood the ancient town of Hasankeyf]. Rojava is another example ofthe state's hatred. IfKurdish people outside of Turkey want something for themselves, ifthey want their freedom, the Turkish state is not happy about it.


CW: You have suffered throughout your life due to the weapons used by the Turkish military. What do you think ofthe companies making the weapons?


I don’t want weapons produced ifthey are to be used in Kurdistan. I would prefer them to produce pens. I'd prefer that the blue ofthe pen flows rather than the red ofthe blood. If someone helps to make these weapons, they are responsible for what happens.


CW: Do you think people should take action against the sale and export ofweapons to Turkey? It would be great ifpeople tried to take action to stop this.


CW: What else do you think people outside ofKurdistan can do in solidarity?


IfI were a tourist I wouldn’t come to this country. People can protest against Turkish Airlines, for example. This is a state airline. People can boycott and protest against state products and companies, not the civilian ones. I think this can have an effect. Journalists and activists can also write about the situation here.


*We have used a pseudonym at the interviewee's request.

\section{From Fascistto anti-militarist:}

\section{An Interview with a Turkish ex-soldier}


Yannis Vasilis Yaylalı was


brought up as a proud, nationalist Turk. From a fascist background, he joined the army in the 1990s, at a time when Turkey was waging its most brutal attacks ever on its Kurdish population. Yannis was eager “to go east and fight the Kurds.” After just a few months in the military, he was captured by Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) guerillas and spent two years as a prisoner ofwar.


Yannis was completely transformed by his experience.


Yannis now lives in Roboski in Bakur, where he lives as a Kurdish solidarity activist. He is also part ofthe Conscientious Objectors Association, which gives solidarity to those who refuse to do mandatory military service in Turkey. In January 2016 he was sentenced to seven months in prison for 'alienating people from military service'. We met Yannis in Roboski in July 2015 and interviewed him about his life.


CW: Can you tell us where you grew up?


Yannis: I was born in 1974 and my birth name was İbrahim Yaylalı. I grew up in the Black Sea region ofTurkey in Bafra, in Samsun province. Bafra was divided into two parts. The west was fascist and racist and the east was socialist. I was born amongst fascist people. At that time the older fascists were fighting the police and they were heroes for us. The Nationalist Action Party (MHP), a nationalist and religious political party, was all around me.


In those days, western films were always played on the TV. In these films the native Americans were bad and the cowboys were good. When we played children’s games on the street, the baddies were always the socialists or native Americans. No-one wanted to be them.


Above: Yannis. Photo by Corporate Watch, July 2015.


The weak people played them. I was following the wrong heroes in those days. I grew up with bad thoughts.


CW: What was your schooling like?


In secondary school we had military lessons. My fascist friends loved military lessons but the socialist children didn’t want to be in the class. Officers would teach us about weapons, and we used to learn to walk like soldiers. In school, we were told to repeat every day: “I am Turkish. I am proud to be a Turk.” We sang the national anthem on Mondays and Fridays. We were told in school and in our school books, and on the radio and TV, that Armenians, Kurds and Greeks were bad people.


Every summer I went to the mosque to learn the Koran in the school holidays. I wish I had learned about my own real Greek origin. I learned everything about Turks and I was told that I was Turkish.


CW: In Turkey, every man must do mandatory military service. Can you explain about your time in the military?


In April 1994 I went to compulsory military service in Isparta to a mountain commando school for training. Then I had the choice ofgoing to Cyprus. I said: “Did we come all this way to escape to Cyprus? I want to go east to fight the Kurds, to fight the terrorists and protect our country.” So I went to Mardin. The PKK guerillas attacked our bus on the way there but didn’t hurt us. They wanted to scare us.


In the 1990s the government, which consisted ofracist politicians, was playing the most dirty games. JİTEM [Gendarmerie Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism wing] was a legal organisation but was doing illegal things, killing and kidnapping people, especially in Kurdistan. Even now people are scared when they hear someone say “JİTEM”.


I was a sniper in the military. I had an MG3 sniper assassination gun. I even got a prize for shooting. I was lucky that in the end I didn’t have the chance to kill people. I trained for two months and then I went to Gabar mountain in Şırnak, Kurdistan. We went to a military base on a mountain above three villages.


CW: What did you do there?


We were putting pressure on the Kurdish villagers not to help the PKK guerillas. We didn’t let them harvest their fields. We limited their food because they might give extra to the guerillas. We also wanted the villagers to go hungry. Even though we were surrounding the villages, we still accused them ofhelping the guerillas. We tortured and beat people. Even when there were no guerillas, we still pressured the villagers to become rangers [a paramilitary


organisation made up ofKurdish villagers, also known as 'village guards']. CW: Can you tell us about the role ofthe rangers?


In different places rangers worked differently. In some regions they didn’t do much; in others they fought alongside the military against the PKK guerillas. There were two types ofranger: one type was pressured into doing it, and then there were others who volunteered. Some rangers used their power and used their guns to kill people. Lots ofrangers occupied and took people’s land, like in Cizre. All ofthe rangers were given guns.


The rangers had no health insurance and no retirement money. In villages like the one where I live now, the rangers don’t use their guns, except in celebrations. When I see rangers here I know how they were forced into the role, and I can understand them.


CW: Were you involved in the burning ofthe villages? [Thousands ofKurdish villages were burnt down or wiped from the map by the military in the 1990s].


Yes. The population oftwo villages fled, and these villages were burnt by the military. But the people ofone village said, “whatever you do, we will not leave.” We beat people until they were forced to leave their houses. Another military team arrived after us and burnt down the village.


A couple ofdays before we forced the population ofone village to leave, we went there for food. An old Kurdish villager gave us honey, almonds and woolen socks and he didn’t want to take any money for them. We forced him to take the money.


When we went to burn the village I searched for the guy. I was worried about him. I couldn’t see him. When things were quieter I went to the house to look for him but I couldn’t find him. I was in shock. A high officer came and smacked me and sent me back to my team. We were not allowed communication with the villagers because they were good people and the government and military didn’t want us to know this.


I heard lots ofstories about tortured civilians, about cutting offparts oftheir bodies, but I didn’t see it myself.


The military was making negative, racist comments about Kurdish people and guerillas, brainwashing us. They were not separating the guerillas and the civilians. They were saying that they were the same. They needed to brainwash us so that we wouldn’t question anything.


CW: And how did the military treat the PKK guerillas that they caught?


In front ofmy eyes, the military dropped a PKK guerilla from a helicopter and he died. They


cut whole ears offofother guerillas. I saw an MHP guy with a necklace made from guerillas' ears. I grew up to be so racist but I was thinking: 'What are we doing?'”


CW: When you were in the military, you were captured by guerillas. Can you explain what happened?


In September, five or six months after I came to the military, I was captured by PKK guerillas, close to here, 30-40 km away. Before that, thirty or forty ofour soldiers were killed by the guerillas during an army operation against the PKK. We were sent to help. We went on a three day operation to a mountain called Kale Mehmet to push out the guerillas. 500 soldiers searched for them for two days. Rangers told us that there were guerillas in a certain area but we didn’t really believe them. A small group ofus went – twenty-five or twenty-six. We went to the top ofthe hill to get ready for a small battle and prepared with sandbags. It was dark and raining.


Then at around 6 or 7pm we heard bullets above us. The guerillas were shooting. But not directly at us: they wanted us to go back. The guerillas didn’t want to kill soldiers because the military would be glorified and the funeral would be a big occasion in the city. Nationalism would be fueled.


I got shot just above my knee. I ran and fell down with my backpack on in the dark. I fainted by a riverbank. I laid there for hours and hours. I couldn’t stand up, and my other leg was also injured.


Early in the morning I crossed the river and crawled to try to reach a burnt village. I was losing blood and needed food. I used a T-shirt to wrap around my leg. I ate margarine that had been left in the burnt village. I thought I would die, and I knew that there were guerillas around. I had been told not to be captured alive. "They'll skin you alive!" I had been told. "Don’t be captured alive." I kept one grenade for the guerillas and one grenade to kill myself. I rested in a house. I heard someone and reached for my hand grenade, but it was a kitten who was also searching for food.


I left the burnt village and climbed up to a small cave. Whilst I was sleeping in the cave on the second day, a female guerilla came. She was collecting fire wood. She tried to wake me up by shaking me. This was the first time I’d seen a woman guerilla alive. I had often seen female dead guerillas. I wanted to throw the hand grenade but I couldn’t reach it. She called the other guerillas and they came. They told me to relax and they took my hand grenades away. They said: “We are Kurdish and we're from the ARGK [now the HPG – the armed wing ofthe PKK]. You are a prisoner ofwar.” I waited to be killed and I imagined how they were going to kill me.


They lifted me up and helped me to walk. They took me to a small camp. The guerillas were preparing a meal by the water, using the river bank. They had a fire but nobody could see them. ŞerifGoyi came and said to me: “You're a prisoner ofwar and we follow the Geneva


convention.” In 1994 the PKK were practising the Geneva Convention and a year later they signed up to it officially.


ŞerifGoyi said: “When conditions are better we can help you to leave the country, and maybe you can go to Europe.” In Turkey, ifa soldier is captured by the PKK, he would be seen as weak and he wouldn’t get help from the government.


The guerillas used radios and stated: “We have captured İbrahim,” so that the Turkish soldiers could hear. This was so that the military knew that I hadn’t run away.


A couple ofdays later I was taken to a camp on a mule. There was a dead guerilla, wrapped in a blanket, who was also being carried on another mule. When we came to the guerilla camp, close to the border - between Roboski and Uludere - we found that the military were bombing. The guerillas were quite calm but I was panicked. We crossed the border to south Kurdistan [Iraqi Kurdistan] and reached a guerilla camp.


When we arrived, they put me in a cave the size ofa room. I could walk a little outside, but not very far. They wanted to check whether I was a professional soldier or whether I was on compulsory service. Mustafa Karasu [Deputy Chairman ofthe PKK] came and told me: “You’re not a professional soldier.” He told me about the PKK, why they were defending themselves, and he explained that the state ofTurkey was colonising Kurdish land and assimilating the Kurdish people.


During my first week in the camp, the Red Cross came and checked my leg. They wrote a report and I wrote a letter to my family. The letter was given to my family a few months later but they didn’t believe that it was from me. In the letter I told them to be calm, and they thought it wasn’t my character, as I come from an aggressive, fascist town. I rang my family months later and they didn’t believe that I was captured. We were sent to war but no-one thought that we could be captured. They thought I was still in an operation on the mountains.


In the military, I had always experienced violence towards people. I saw people from the army chop a guerilla's body into pieces. I vomited and they said: “Aren’t you Turkish? Aren’t you a man?” Everything was based on violence.


When I was captured, I compared the dif erent behaviours. We had always been told that the PKK were terrorists and very violent. I started to see that the guerillas were talking in a respectful way and they all listened to each other. When I first became a soldier, the military were heroes to me. But when I came to the Turkish military base, I was treated like an animal.


I thought it was a personal thing between the officers and myself. But on the other hand, when I was at the guerilla camp, they were respectful; they listened.


When I first joined the Turkish military, the more senior soldiers had asked me to wash their underwear. I always had arguments with them. The guerillas were the opposite. The guerillas never told me to read this or do that. They even said that I could hang a Turkish flag ifI wanted. I observed their social lives and this comparison between the army and the guerillas helped to transform me. For 20 years ofmy life I had been surrounded by violence.


After two months, I was told that psychologically, it wasn’t good for me to be alone. They told me that I could join another camp with another captured soldier who had lost his eye. His name was Mustafa Özülker, and I joined that group. The guerillas and I had political discussions. For eight months I stayed with them in the second camp. I always talked about Kemalism and Atatürk [Mustafa Kemal, known as Atatürk, was the founder ofthe Republic of Turkey], and the guerillas were patient and listened to me. I wanted to impose my fascist views on them, and wanted to change their minds. I defended Atatürk and the ideology ofthe state.


A Turkish newspaper article was read out in the camp where the writer blamed me, saying that I went to the guerillas voluntarily - that I wasn’t captured. They said that I'd had a connection with the PKK before I was captured.


In December 1996, after two years and three months, I was released. I said that I didn’t want to go back to Turkey. In those days there was a ceasefire. But the high officer ofthe PKK told me that ifI went it could be helpful. Ifa soldier spoke out then this would create more visibility and raise awareness about the state's violence towards Kurdish people. The Red Cross wrote a report about me.


CW: What happened when you were released?


I was arrested when I was released. Seven other soldiers had also been captured but most of them didn’t change their racist views, although Mustafa, who I was captured with, did change his views. The others gave reports about me, about how I talked positively about the PKK. For three and a halfmonths I was tortured in a military prison. They used pressurised water on me. They put me in big barrels full ofwater. Ifthey put me in water, my skin wouldn’t be damaged so much when they beat me. Military prisons are worse than other prisons in Turkey. The guards slept in the same room as me. Ten to fifteen people slept in the same room.


My case was taken to the High Court three and a halfmonths later. Because ofthe Red Cross report, they couldn’t do anything. They had hoped to try me for being part ofa terrorist organisation. But the Red Cross report had said that I had been captured by guerillas. The guerillas had also announced that I was captured. My case was the first ofit's kind in Turkey, so they didn’t know what to do. The court said I should be released but they kept me for three and a halfweeks in a room attached to the prison, in part ofthe military complex.


I had been in the Turkish military for five or six months, and I had spent over two years with the guerillas, so I should have been released from my military service. But they forced me to complete eighteen months in the Turkish military. It was like I was in prison.


I didn’t want to go to military again. They took me to Mardin, where my first base had been. I told them not to take me there. They took me to the basement, to a torture room, and I saw blood on the ground. They hung me by my hands on the pipes until morning. Later they handcuffed me and took me to Siirt military base. Then they sent me to the soldiers who had given reports against me. I refused to pick up a weapon. The high officer threatened that he could kill me. Other officers came and told me to go to training. I said no.


CW: Where did you go after the military released you?


After, I went back to my hometown ofBafra. The police told the neighbours and the local fascists to be careful ofme, to keep an eye on me, to spy on me, and that I was part ofa terrorist organisation. The police came to my house many times, searching it. I had [PKK leader Abdullah] Öcalan’s books and the police took them. I remember, my father realised that Öcalan's books weren’t illegal because the books were returned.


My parents told me that when I went missing, they had asked the military ifthey knew where I was. The military had said that they didn’t have anyone ofmy name. A relative, an officer, told my father to go and ask at the military headquarters. My father went to the Ankara military headquarters. The military said: “You are Greek, and Greeks and Armenians help the PKK, so don’t look for your son.” This was the first time my father realised that he was a Pontus Greek. My grandfather’s name was Constantin.


CW: So you changed your name from İbrahim to Yannis?


Journalists who had come to the guerilla camp told me that I was Greek because they were up to date with the news and it had been reported in the press. This was why I changed my name. Last year I changed my name in the city ofUrfa, when we were on a trip to the border with Kobanê. I killed İbrahim when I was in Urfa.


CW: It seems that being captured by the guerillas really transformed you.


A friend in Bafra said: "You can’t change like this. We used to beat Kurdish people together. How can you change?" They couldn’t believe the way that I had changed. They were saying that I had been brainwashed by the PKK. But ifanyone sees the PKK and doesn’t change their mind, they are like a rock inside.


An April 2016 update: prosecution against Yannis


Yannis is part ofthe conscientious objectors movement, which was formed in 2008. In Turkey, military service is compulsory and conscientious objectors can be imprisoned. In 2013 the Conscientious Objectors Association was formed. There are 200 people in this broad-based association, where volunteers give legal help to those who refuse to be in the military. In Turkish law, an individual can pay around \$4,000 not to join the army, but this money goes to the government and is spent on the military industry. Conscientious objectors refuse to pay to get out ofmilitary service. Onur Erem, a journalist and member ofthe association told us: “We don't give one second or one cent to the military.”


Yannis has been charged with two counts of'alienating people from military service' under Article 318 ofthe Turkish penal code. In January 2016, he was sentenced to over seven months in prison for writing articles encouraging conscientious objection. The court offered not to impose a prison sentence ifYannis agreed not to be involved in political activity for five years, but Yannis refused. He is currently appealing the verdict and will not begin his sentence until his appeal is considered.


Since summer 2015, people in many cities in Turkey's Kurdish region have declared autonomy from the state. Yannis and his partner Meral made statements in an article and on social media declaring their autonomy within their own home. They were taken to court again, this time charged with encouraging the break up ofTurkey as a unitary state. Meral was found not guilty but Yannis was sentenced to a further five months in prison. He is also appealing this verdict to the High Court.


On 26 May Yannis will appear in court again, this time charged with organising workshops on conscientious objection in his village.


Ifthe High Court rejects his appeal Yannis will be sent to prison. He told us that he would appeal to the European Court. According to Yannis, Turkey has been found to be in breach ofthe law by the European court several times over its treatment of conscientious objectors.


Meral told Corporate Watch:


“We have been living in Roboski for more than three years and they didn't do anything, but since the recent war by the Turkish state against the Kurdish movements they have been attacking us. Our rights are being taken from our hands; we are anti-militarists and peace activists.


[image]


Yannis and Meral. Photo by Corporate Watch, 2015.

\section{Imprisoned for singing in Kurdish: support Nûdem Durak}


This article was first published on 27 August 2015.


In 2015, Kurdish singer Nûdem Durak was sentenced to ten and a halfyears in prison. She was arrested and imprisoned on 22nd April 2015. Her family says she was falsely convicted ofbeing a member ofthe Group of Communities in Kurdistan (Koma Civakên Kurdistan or KCK). She was also accused ofhelping people to join the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and helping to organise demonstrations in 2009 against Turkish military repression ofKurdish people in her hometown ofCizre in Bakur.


The KCK was set up by the PKK in 2007, as an umbrella organisation for Kurdish people living in Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Syria. Its aim is to achieve 'democratic confederalism' within Kurdistan. The Turkish state considers the KCK an illegal terrorist group and has arrested thousands ofpeople since 2009 for membership or association with the organisation.


The trials ofsupposed KCK members have targeted people involved with Kurdish political parties and movements and have often hung on flimsy evidence.


Above: Nûdem Durak. Photo provided to Corporate Watch by her friends.


Nûdem's family says that the real reason she was arrested is because she sings in Kurdish and tries to keep Kurdish culture and language alive. There is a long history ofrepression of Kurdish language and culture in Turkey, from the burning ofthousands ofKurdish villages during the 1990s to the Turkish state's current hydroelectric dam projects, which flood Kurdish villages. The Ilısu Dam project, ifcompleted, will flood 199 Kurdish villages and leave important Kurdish historical sites underwater.


Kurdish people were banned from speaking, writing and learning Kurdish after the establishment ofthe Turkish Republic in 1923. Even the words 'Kurd' and 'Kurdistan' were banned, and Kurdish citizens were known as 'Mountain Turks'. Since the 1990s there has been a relaxation ofthe suppression ofthe language but there are still many restrictions on its use. Nûdem's case shows that Turkey still implements a brutal repression ofthose who seek to preserve Kurdish language and culture.


According to the Human Rights Association (IHD) 2014 report for eastern and south-eastern Anatolia, there were nine instances of'violations against using native language' and four people reported being denied the right to a legal defence in their mother tongue during 2014. These actions are intended to erase Kurdish identity, language and culture, in order to achieve the Turkish state's nationalist goal ofassimilation. Nûdem's arrest should be seen in this context.

\section{Interview with Nûdem's sister, Fİrdevs}


CW: Can you tell us about Nûdem?


Firdevs: Nûdem is my big sister. I'm 20 years old and she is 26 years old. She's a local singer, popular in Cizre, Şirnak, Mardin and Amed. She sings in Kurdish, but sometimes in Turkish, and her songs are about freedom, nature, autonomy and the Kurdish language. She also sings songs for children. She was very small when she starting singing, maybe 12 years old. She started singing at the Mem û Zîn cultural centre in Cizre. She sings in a group and she performs in Kurdish festivals, like in Newroz, the Kürt Kültürünü Yaşatma festival and during protests. She performed at a festival for the survival ofKurdish culture and to protest the burning ofKurdish villages in the 90s.


Firdevs. Photo by Corpoate Watch, 2015.


CW: When was she arrested?


She was last arrested on 22 April 2015. She was going to Mardin in a car and on the way she was arrested by the police. They took her to Mardin prison and that's where she is now. They said that she is in the top management ofthe KCK, the bigger organisation above the PKK. It is a lie.


Everybody knows the names ofthe KCK management. Nûdem is not a member of the KCK. Even ifyou wanted to be you couldn’t be. You need 20 or 30 years of experience with the PKK to be a member.


CW: Why did they really arrest her?


They arrested her because she is Kurdish and because she sings in Kurdish. Kurds are forbidden to speak Kurdish in Turkey. They want to destroy Kurdish culture. They banned Kurdish education and our language. Nûdem has tried to keep our language alive.


Everybody loves Nûdem in Cizre. She’s a phenomenom here. She was first arrested In 2009 and spent 6 months in prison. Then in 2012 she was arrested again and spent one year in prison. After that she was freed [on bail], but in 2015 she was sentenced to ten and a halfyears in prison.


CW: Can you visit her in prison?


Three friends and family can visit. Every week you can see her through a screen and talk on the telephone. One time per month we can see her face to face without the screen. We can see her for 60 minutes.


CW: How is she?


Her psychology is very bad. She loves her freedom. She could have gone to Europe and other countries but she didn’t want to leave Kurdistan. She could have crossed illegally [out ofTurkey].


CW: Can she appeal to the court?


The appeal was denied. We have sent the file to the European Court ofHuman Rights and we are expecting a reply.


CW: How does the family feel?


We are very sad. We are in a bad psychological condition, especially because it’s out ofour hands. We cannot do anything about it.


CW: Is there a campaign in solidarity?


There is a campaign on Facebook, but it isn’t very big - only our Cizre friends. There are thousands ofexamples ofpeople like Nûdem in prison. Everybody has seen this happening to others. There is no need to commit crimes in Turkey to be arrested.


Being Kurdish is enough. For example, a child was sentenced to ten years in prison just for throwing stones.

\section{INTERVIEWS WITH KURDISH POLITICAL PRISONERS}


In the summer of2015 we spoke to ex-prisoners, human rights organisations and the TAY-DER and TUYAD-DER prisoners' organisations about the situation for prisoners. All ofthem highlighted the need for international solidarity with prisoners and their families. Below are some ex-prisoners' experiences ofthe prison industrial complex in Turkey:


İşmail, head ofTAY-DER (Association ofPrisoners):


“I was a prisoner from 1992 until 2004, for almost 13 years. They arrested me during the Newroz celebrations in Cizre. I was a student at that time and I was 17 years old when I was arrested. During my court case, JİTEM [a wing ofthe armed forces, which has carried out thousands ofpolitical murders], the civil police and soldiers were sitting behind me. How can that be fair? I was sentenced to death, but because ofmy age they couldn’t execute me and they changed it to a life sentence. They accused me of being a militant ofthe PKK and ofsetting fire to a car. Because I was a child, I spent thirteen years in prison, but at the beginning of2000s the law changed. Ifyou're a child you now spend nearly twenty years in prison for a life sentence, and adults spend twenty-four years.


I spent time in Amed, Yozgat, Muş and Wan prisons. The government put pressure on me to give a testimony against the PKK and I refused. In prison, they tortured me a lot, even though I was a child. They hit me and then tied my hands behind my back and then tied me to a wooden stake. They used electric shock on my tongue, penis and fingers. They put me inside a wheel and turned it. They threatened to kill me. Actually, they did kill someone at that time.


Then they sent me to Yozgat, the most fascist place in Turkey. The guards didn’t treat me like a human. They took all ofmy clothes so that I was naked. The guards and the public used to hit me whenever I was taken from the prison to the court or the hospital. They brought fascists to attack us.


To transport prisoners, they use a vehicle that’s as big as a tank: blue, with a red line, with tiny slits for windows, which are usually closed. The driver cannot see the prisoner. For hours you stay in those cars and sometimes you collapse because there’s no fresh air and it’s very hot. Three years ago, one ofthese cars was burnt in Wan and four prisoners died inside.


The TAY-DER organisation was established to be a bridge between political prisoners and the public, to share what the prisoners have faced with Europe and the world. It's an association for all political prisoners, not for just Kurdish people. But most political prisoners are Kurdish. We give solidarity to families and provide assistance to them. For example, 90\% ofthe prisoners are from very poor families and they need financial help. Each TAY-DER branch is responsible for twenty prisons. We visit the prisons with lawyers every month.”


İsmail Durmis:


“I was accused ofbeing a member ofa terror organisation - the PKK. I spent nine days in a police station in Wan and they tortured me. They hung me from my feet. There was no water, no bread. They beat me three times a day, every day. After that, I was taken to court and then sent to Muş prison. I spent four years in prison there, from 1999 to 2003.”


Mehmet Emin Şeker:


“In 2007 there was an election where several candidates were banned. There were huge protests and someone was killed. During this time, I was arrested and charged with acting on behalfofthe PKK. I spent three days in custody and then I was sentenced to six years in prison, but I served one and a half years. They sent me to Trabzon prison in the Black Sea region. It's a fascist area, so this prison was really bad. They punished us for dancing the Halay [a traditional Kurdish dance]. Afterwards, I was sent with other prisoners to Giresun. We were forced to take offall ofour clothes. I resisted and they put me alone in a cell, 2 metres x 1 metre. There was a very small window with bars on. They used isolation as a form of punishment.


One oftheir methods oftorture is using padded rooms so that there is no sign ofthem beating you. It is also very hot in the rooms. These methods are used now in F-type prisons. Right now, there are over 4,500 people in prison who haven't been sentenced. In the last two months, two prisoners have died. The Turkish media hasn't reported about this.”


Bedrettın Gezîci:


“When people are charged, the court looks at their family and their background and decides on that basis whether they are guilty and whether they are connected to the PKK. I was charged with being a member ofa terrorist organisation. I spent six years in prison, from 1998-2004. In the 90s, my family's village was evacuated and we were forced to leave. They burnt our village down twice. Torture was ordinary for us in the village.


When I was in custody they tortured me again. The centre for torture was in Aksaray in Istanbul. The main method they used was the tying ofhands behind the back onto a wooden stake. They used special techniques, which the CIA taught to the Turkish police before 1980. They cut offmy circulation and after a few minutes I became unconscious. They tortured me in my genital area with wooden sticks. They gave me electric shocks and sprayed me with pressurised water. They used hundreds ofmethods on prisoners. Ifa prisoner is Kurdish they especially harass them, laughing at them. They put a tail on me, said “show me your tail” and said that I was an animal because I was Kurdish.


In prison you can’t see anything, not even the sky. Even in the outdoor area where you get fresh air, you can only see walls. Ifyou’re not strong, you could go mad. With the screams ofothers you could go mad. We were all tortured in one place. They did this deliberately. This was part ofthe torture. They would say: “You have heard the screams, we will do the same to you. Speak and be free.” Sometimes they tried to bribe me, or asked me to join them, or said that they could bring me women. Usually there were five or six police, a couple were good and some were bad.


The worst torture is the way that people speak to us. When they torture us they have a song: 'I will die for Turkey'. When you are released from prison, whenever you hear this song, you remember the torture.


That’s why they use this song.”


We spoke to a human rights lawyer about the current situation in Turkish prisons. He said: “The situation is no better now. Recently they sent fourteen prisoners from Şırnak to Wan prison. These ill prisoners are very sick and they have put them all in the same cell. It is a form oftorture because all of them are dying. There was a guard in prison who broke the hands oftwo prisoners. After we found out, he was sent to the children’s prison in Wan. This guard – his name is Alparen and he is a member ofthe BBP fascist party - said that he will break the children’s hands too. He still works in the children's prison.


There is a man called Hasan Aslan who's 80 years old. They evacuated his village in 1992 and sentenced him to life in prison. His health is really bad and he is going to die. He has spent twenty-three years in prison. He has asthma and he cannot see or hear properly. He cannot walk. There is a state organisation that decides whether you are fit enough to stay in prison or not and gives reports as to whether someone is ill. Hasan went a few times but they never gave him the report. He didn’t know Turkish so he couldn’t express himself.”


Prosecuted for insulting president Erdoğan


Turkish journalist and conscientious objector Onur Erem is facing over two years in jail for allegedly insulting Turkish leaders. The charges were made after he published an interview with UK activist Tariq Ali. Onur asked Ali what he thought about recent statements made by Erdoğan and Davutoğlu about the October 2015 bombing in Ankara. Ali said: "This is such incoherent rubbish that I'm amazed these two jokers are still in the government." Because Ali used the word 'joker' the prosecutor has asked for a 14 to 28 month prison sentence.


The second charge arises out ofan article that Onur wrote about the fact that the Google search engine associates the Turkish words for 'thief' and 'murderer' with Erdoğan and the AKP. 'Thiefand murderer Erdoğan!' and 'Thiefand murderer AKP!' are popular slogans at demonstrations. This alleged insult to the president carries a sentence ofbetween one and five years in prison.


Onur's work can be found on onurerem.com, and articles by Onur can also be found on Bir Gün: birgun.net


Follow Onur on Twitter: @onurerem


There is no justice in Turkeyfor Kurds: The imprisonment of Kurdish Mayors


There has been a long running campaign ofharassment, arrests and imprisonment ofco-mayors from Kurdish political parties. We met with Veysel Keser in Wan, who was sentenced to 12 and a halfyears in prison for membership ofa terrorist organisation while he was serving as a mayor for the BDP. He was charged with having connections to the Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK).


When we interviewed Veysel, he was still awaiting the result ofthe High Court. Ifthe High Court turns down his appeal he will be sent to prison to serve the rest ofhis sentence.


Corporate Watch: Can you tell us about your arrest?


Veysel: I was a mayor for four years before they arrested me. It was after the earthquake in 2011, and people were very angry with the government. At that time there was a massive operation and the state carried out political genocide. They arrested 10,000 people, many of


whom were politicians, and amongst them over 50 mayors. My arrest was part ofthat operation.


When the police arrested me, they showed me photos ofmyselfat 36 events, such as International Women's Day, 1st May, Newroz, World Peace Day, and funerals of guerillas. They said that the KCK ordered me to attend those events, and they used these photos to charge me with being part ofa terrorist organisation. We'd opened offices for the election campaigns ofthe BDP [the mainly Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party, predecessor to the HDP] and they even used this as


Veysel in July 2015. Photo by Corporate Watch..


evidence to prosecute me, too. They recorded my mobile phone conversations for four years. According to Turkish law, you can’t do that because you have to renew the court order every month. But they did it anyway. For example, they recorded a telephone conversation with Selahattin Demirtaş [The co-leader ofthe HDP] inviting me for a meeting and then they used it as evidence against me.


They took all ofmy computers, telephones and USBs from my home. When I was in custody, the police told me that forty people’s photos and names had been found on my computer. The police actually planted these photos and names on my computer and then said that I had put them on there. I'd never seen them before. They then tried to accuse me ofcreating false identities for PKK members [this wasn't successful]. In court, they convicted me ofhaving information about people's private lives on my computer without their permission.


CW: Can you tell us about the court case?


At the court case more than 100,000 people protested in solidarity with us. Over one hundred lawyers attended the court. People marched in protest from Wan to the prison. In total, they opened two different cases against thirty-six people. One case had fifteen people in, and another with twenty-one people. There were twelve heads ofthe BDP, seven mayors, and former mayors and former heads ofparty. All were politicians from the BDP. I was on trial with fourteen others, seven ofwhom were mayors.


Because I’m a known person, the government had to be careful and they had to let me see my lawyer. But one year before this, they had arrested thirty-seven lawyers, too. Because ofthis, the lawyers didn't have so much power.


I couldn’t speak at the court for one year because they ordered me to speak in Turkish and I wouldn't accept it. I wasn't allowed to defend myselfin my mother language ofKurmanji.


I spent one year in prison and was then released, but the case continued. In June 2015, they sentenced me to twelve and a halfyears in prison.


There is no justice in Turkey for Kurds. They arrested thousands ofpeople but they couldn’t find any evidence against anyone. The aim was to stop Kurdish people from being politically active. The Amed bombing [ofa People's Democratic Party rally, just before the general election in June 2015] was also to prevent Kurds from being involved in politics. [President] Erdoğan said himselfthat he wanted to prevent Kurds from being involved in politics.


Nowadays, Erdoğan admits that the accusations used in the KCK trials were false and that false documents were used, but he says that the Gülen movement [a religious movement, currently in a power struggle with Erdoğan's ruling Justice and Development Party] did it.


CW: Can you tell us about the year that you have already spent in prison?


I was in Wan F-type prison, 15km from the centre ofthe city. When I was in prison I was usually in a small room with two guys, and sometimes alone. I was isolated from my friends. Everybody knows who I am so they couldn’t beat me or torture me directly, but I was isolated and they didn’t give me my rights to read or watch what I wanted on TV.


When I was in prison there was a big hunger strike. One ofthe demands was to have your defence in court in your mother language. They now accept this, but not in custody, only in court. Also they said that we would have to pay money for talking in our mother language.


CW: Do you have any hope for a High Court appeal?


The case has gone to the High Court in Turkey. They broke the law by putting the files on my computer. By law, they should have given me a copy ofwhat was on my computer after they seized it, but they didn’t, so there is a chance they could send the case back [to the lower court, because ofcorrupted evidence].


There was a secret prosecution witness in my court case, talking about what I did and the events I went to. But attending these events is not a crime. I believe that the secret witness was part ofthe police. According to the law you can ask questions to the witness, but the court didn’t accept our demand. Three days ago the Court ofConstitution, which is a court that someone must go to before they go to the European Court ofHuman Rights, said that the prosecution cannot use secret witnesses ifthey don’t have any other evidence. But they can use a secret witness to make other evidence stronger.


CW: Do you know anything about the companies who build the prisons?


The firms who build prisons and military bases are the same. They don’t give the contracts to ordinary firms. The companies are close to government. We have protests against these prisons and military bases. So it would be amazing ifother people would protest against them, too.


CW: What can people do in solidarity?


Solidarity is very important. More than one hundred people are now dying in prisons. Their health situation is very bad. People from the PKK [Kurdistan Workers' Party] – people who wanted to start the peace process - died in prison. This is a political issue. Nowadays the state has started to sentence people again.


Kurdish people sacrifice a lot for the most basic rights. People have died just for their right to speak Kurdish or to publish a newspaper in Kurdish.


These people were killed\dots{}their killers are free:


A meeting with Meya-der in Cİzîr


In July 2015, we met volunteers from Meya-der (Mesopotamia Assistance and Solidarity for Families with Lost Relatives) in Cizîr. The of ice's walls were filled with pictures ofpeople who have been murdered by the police, the military, or Kurdish Hezbollah.


One volunteer told us: "These are photos of people who have been killed in Cizîr, including those who were killed in the 90s and those who were killed on Kobanê demonstrations. The families know who killed their relatives, but no-one has been prosecuted."


We were told that in the 90s, people were mostly killed by soldiers, but in recent years they are more often killed by the police. A volunteer said: "In the 90s many people were tortured, often outside to prove to people that the killers were strong and powerful. Women were raped by soldiers before they were killed."


Volunteers spoke about some ofthe murders. Ahmet Şen, an elderly man, was killed when his head was cut off.


In the 1990s, a man named Mesuk Dündar, who had mental health problems, was murdered and tied to a military vehicle using material in the Kurdish colours. They did this because


Above: Photos ofsome ofthose who have died at the hands ofthe state ofTurkey. Photo by Corporate Watch, July 2015.


Mesuk loved to wear the red, green and yellow colours ofKurdistan. His body was driven through the streets.


YusufAkıl was just 8 years old when he was murdered in 1996. Despite his young age, the state said that he was a member ofthe PKK and that he had used a gun. Yusuf's father, İbrahim, was also killed. He was an Imam and they put a cross around his neck "so that he would go to hell." We were told: "When they came to people's homes they often killed everyone in the family."


Ebubekir Deniz and Serdar Tanıș went missing in 2004 and until now, nobody knows the whereabouts oftheir bodies. We're told that the police took them.


32 soldiers [fighting with the YPG in Rojava] were killed in Tel Abyad in the last few weeks, a volunteer told us. "People tried to retrieve their bodies from the border but the government arrested and detained the people who wanted to bring the bodies home."


People are still being killed, someone said to us just before we left Meya-der. "What will happen tomorrow?"


savageryin kurdistan


After our visit to Meya-der, a female guerilla, Ekin Wan, was killed by state forces in Varto in August 2015, stripped naked and dragged by the neck through the streets. Police then posted photos ofher tortured body on the internet. JINHA news agency stated that Kurdish women call "on people to raise their voices against the savagery in Kurdistan." In response to Ekin's death, Sevim Adsoy told JINHA: "Women are not scared. Women will resist until the end. We will respond to the masculine mentality by resisting." 1


In October 2015, 24 year old Hacı Lokman Birlik was killed by police after he was shot dozens oftimes. Police then tied his body to an armoured vehicle and dragged him through the streets ofŞırnak. Police filmed the atrocity whilst swearing heavily and insulting Hacı and his family. According to Firat News Agency, the "torture continued in the hospital too, as police battered the medical staffwho brought a stretcher to take his body. Police didn't allow the use ofa stretcher and continued dragging him inside the hospital." 2 Hacı was the brother-in-law ofHDP politician Leyla Birlik.

\section{End notes}


1. link\Slash{}en\Slash{}components\Slash{}3125655355\Slash{}content\Slash{}view\Slash{}44921


1. \href{http://www.kurdishinfo.com/haci-bilik-was-shot-by-dozens-of-bullets}{kurdishinfo.com\Slash{}haci-bilik-was-shot-by-dozens-of-bullets}

\chapter{Part 6: Ecological struggles in Bakur}

\section{Popular struggle against Turkish military bases in Bakur}


The government ofTurkey has built hundreds ofmilitary bases all over Bakur. Over a thousand in total are planned for construction. This is part of a strategy to control the Kurdish countryside and the villages.


During the 2013-15 ceasefire between the PKK and Erdoğan's AKP government, the AKP took their chance to accelerate the building ofmilitary bases. Now, when you enter many Kurdish villages you feel watched from all sides from these bases on the mountains. We were told that people taking pictures ofthem have been spotted on CCTV and detained by the military.


The approximate cost ofeach military base is between 2-4 million Turkish Lira (£500,000-1 million). Contracts for their construction are being awarded to business people close to the AKP government. For example, according to Turkish journalist Onur Erem, Kaldırımoğlu İnşaat Construction won a 28,800,000 TL (£6.7 million) contract for building an unknown amount ofmilitary bases. One ofthe owners ofthe company, Yakup Kaldırım, is a member of the AKP Founders Council in Ankara. Another owner, Muhammed Ali Kaldırım, was the Executive Board Member ofAKP Youth in Ankara.


We interviewed Ahmet* about a successful campaign in 2013 to stop the building ofa military base on Meskan Hill, near Colemêrg (Hakkâri in Turkish), close to the border with Iraqi Kurdistan. Meskan Hill is at an altitude of2,000 metres, 20 kilometres from the road and 40


Above: A military base on the mountain overlooks Kurdish villages. Photo by Corporate Watch, summer 2015.


kilometres from Colemêrg. It is a place from which you can survey the area for miles around. In the 1990s the villages close to Meskan Hill were burnt by the Turkish military. They were just a fraction ofthe 3,000 villages destroyed at that time. However, some years later the inhabitants returned.


Ahmet told us that before anyone had heard anything about the proposed military base, some villagers close to Meskan Hill said that the military had set a fire on the hill. The villagers put out the fire. However, the next day the military came and closed the only road leading to their village and to Meskan Hill. The villagers found tanks and Kirpi armoured vehicles (made by Turkish company BMC) on the road. Ahmet told us:


“The military weren’t letting the villagers bring their sheep to the mountain. Soldiers told the villagers that 'the PKK has threatened the villagers, that’s why we’re here'. The villagers replied to the soldiers: 'Even ifthe PKK threatened them, why aren't you letting the people move?' A day later we learned that they were trying to build a military base.”


Ahmet told us how the local people organised resistance against the building ofthe base:


“We gathered at 1pm. We had a meeting with the party and the assemblies and other organisations. We decided to protest the military and the bases. We went to Meskan Hill. There were almost a hundred soldiers and we were 120-150 people. They said that we couldn’t go to the site where the military base was planned, that it was a closed military area. After one hour ofdiscussing we said we’d try and go anyway. They put lines ofsoldiers with shields to stop us and they used barbed wire. We tried to pass their barricades and they hit us, threw stones at us and fired tear gas. Six or seven people were injured, two badly; all ofthem had to go to hospital.


There was a provocateur in the crowd who began to fire at the military. When he had run out ofbullets, our friends caught him, took his ID and searched him. He was a village guard [a paramilitary organisation armed and paid for by the Turkish government].


An hour or two after that fight they let us get closer to the building site because thousands ofpeople had arrived to join us. We decided that we wouldn’t go anywhere. We brought big tents and we stayed there, halfa kilometre from the place where the military base was planned.”


Ahmet described how the people tried to march on the construction site:


“We prepared for another big march to the site the next day. We called everyone to help us, we went to Colemerg, Wan and Şırnak and brought everybody there that we could.


When we finally marched there were many more people than before. But there were many more ofthem too. They had brought soldiers and police during the night in Cobra helicopters. They didn’t let us march to the site. They used gas but we climbed the hill from different ways and we caught some soldiers, took


their gas grenades offthem and threw them at them. They fired at me and my friends. They used an HK33 gun, made by MKEK [the Turkish arms company]. Soon a big crowd came to support us and we walked to the hill. We won a big victory. The soldiers were demoralised.”


A camp was established, aimed at stopping the military base from being built. The protesters closed the road, so that the military could only get to the site by helicopter and carry out surveillance by drone. Ahmet described the camp:


“We often did Halay [a traditional Kurdish dance] at the camp. Our commune provided food. We had camp fires and men and women were camping together. People camped there for five months. The biggest success was that after our victory other cities had the same protests as well. It started with Colemerg, then Wan, then Muş, then Lice. In Lice people were shot dead for protesting against a military base. Our protest was the first one and then other sites followed – it became the main issue in Turkey.”


When winter came, the mountains around Meskan Hill became bitterly cold and snowy. The protesters were forced to pack up camp, but the military could not continue with construction either. According to Ahmet, there are now a few military cabins on Meskan Hill, but no progress has been made with the construction ofthe base.


Several people have been charged with agitating against the state for their role in the protests. The charge carries a heavy prison sentence.


But the plans for the base were not only made with military objectives in mind. According to Ahmet, it also serves corporate interests:


“Around the hill there are four big mining companies. They are mining for zinc, chrome and copper – they have a processing site 10km away from the mine. A man who works for the government told me that the military came there because the mining companies called the government. That’s why the government wants to build a military base.


These mining companies operate without any law. They burn trees, they use chemicals that pollute the Zap river, kill the fish, they use explosives and destroy the environment. They need the military base for security, so they can carry on doing this. We hope that people outside ofKurdistan can resist against these mining companies from their countries.”


[image]

\section{The interviewee's name has been changed.}

\section{Building autonomyin Turkeyand Kurdistan: an Interview with Revolutionary Anarchist Action}


[image]


Below is the transcript ofour interview with three members of the anarchist group Devrimci Anarşist Faaliyet (DAF, or Revolutionary Anarchist Action) in Istanbul during May 2015. DAF are involved in solidarity with the Kurdish struggle, the Rojava revolution and against ISIS' attack on Kobane, and have taken action against Turkish state repression and corporate abuse. They are attempting to establish alternatives to the current system through self- organisation, mutual aid and


co-operatives.


The interview was carried out in the run-up to the Turkish elections, and touches on the election campaign by the HDP, the pro- Kurdish People's Democratic Party. Soon after the interview took place, the HDP passed the threshold of10\% ofthe total vote needed to enter the Turkish parliament.


The DAF members – who all preferred to remain anonymous – began the interview by talking about the history ofanarchism in the region:


DAF: We want to underline the relationship between the freedom struggle at the end of Ottoman times and the freedom struggles ofKurdistan. In Ottoman times anarchists organised workers' struggle in the main cities: Saloniki, Izmir, Istanbul and Cairo.


Above: DAF in Kobanê. Photo from Crimethinc.


For example [the Italian anarchist, Errico] Malatesta was involved in organising industrial workers in Cairo. The freedom struggles ofArmenia, Bulgaria and Greece had connections with anarchist groups.


Alexander Atabekian, an important person in the Armenian freedom struggle, was an anarchist, translating leaflets into Armenian and distributing them. He was a friend of[the Russian anarchist, Peter] Kropotkin and distributed Kropotkin’s anarchist leaflets.


We are talking about this as we want to underline the importance offreedom struggles and to compare this to the importance ofsupport for the Kurdish struggle.


Corporate Watch: What happened to anarchists after the Ottoman period?


Towards the end ofthe Ottoman Empire, at the end ofthe 19th century, Sultan Abdul Hamid II repressed the actions of anarchists in Turkey. He knew what anarchists were and took a special interest in them. He killed or deported anarchists and set up a special intelligence agency for this purpose.


Anarchists responded by carrying out attacks on the Yildiz Sarayi palace and with explosions at the Ottoman bank in Saloniki.


The government ofthe Ottoman Empire didn’t end at the Turkish republic. The fez has gone since but the system is still the same.


At the beginning ofthe [Kemalist] Turkish state [in 1923] many anarchists and other


radicals were forced to emigrate or were killed. The CHP, Mustafa Kemal's party, didn’t allow any opposition and there were massacres ofKurds.


From 1923 to 1980 there was not a big anarchist movement in Turkey due to the popularity ofthe socialist movements and the repression ofthe state.


The wave ofrevolutions from the 1960s to the '80s affected these lands too. These were the active years ofthe social movements.


During this period, there were revolutionary anti-imperialist movements caused by the Vietnam war, youth organisations, occupations ofuniversities and increasing struggle ofworkers. These movements were Marxist-Leninist or Maoist, there were no anarchist movements.


In 1970 there was a long workers' struggle. Millions ofworkers walked over a hundred kilometres from Kocaeli to Istanbul.


Factories were closed and all the workers were on the streets.


CW: Was there any awareness ofanarchism in Turkey at all at this time?


DAF: During these years many books were translated into Turkish from European radicalism but only five books about anarchism were translated, three ofwhich were talking about anarchism in order to criticise it.


But in Ottoman times there had been many articles on anarchism in the newspapers. For example, one ofthe three editors ofthe İştirak newspaper was an anarchist. The


paper published [Russian anarchist, Mikhail] Bakunin’s essays as well as articles on anarcho-syndicalism.


The first anarchist magazine was published in 1989. After this many magazines were published focusing on anarchism from different perspectives; for example, post structuralism, ecology, etc.


The common theme was that they were written for a small intellectual audience. The language ofthese magazines was too far away from the people. Most ofthose involved were connected with the universities or academia. Or they were ex- socialists affected by the fall ofthe Soviet Union, which was a big disappointment for many socialists. That’s why they began to call themselves anarchists, but we don’t think that this is a good way to approach anarchism, as a critique ofsocialism.


Between 2000 to 2005 people came together to talk about anarchism in Istanbul and began to ask: “how can we fight?” At this time we guess that there were 50-100 anarchists living in Turkey and outside.


CW: Can you explain how DAF organises now?


Now we get 500 anarchists turning up for May Day in Istanbul. We are in touch with anarchists in Antalya, Eskişehir, Amed, Ankara and İzmir. Meydan [DAF's newspaper] goes to between 15 and 20 cities. We have a newspaper bureau in Amed, distributing newspapers all over Kurdistan. Until now, it is in Turkish but maybe one day, ifwe can afford it, we will publish it in Kurdish. We send Meydan to prisons too.


We have a comrade in İzmir in prison and


we send copies to over 15 prisoners.


A few months ago there was a ban on radical publications in prisons. We participated in demos outside prisons and we managed to make pressure about this and now newspapers are allowed to go into prisons again.


The main issue for DAF is to organise anarchism within society. We try to socialise anarchism with struggle on the streets. This is what we give importance to. For nearly nine years we have been doing this.


On an ideological level we have a holistic perspective. We don’t have a hierarchical perspective on struggles. We think workers' struggle is important but not more important than the Kurdish struggle or women’s struggles or ecological struggles.


Capitalism tries to divide these struggles. If the enemy is attacking us in a holistic way we have to approach it in a holistic way.


Anarchy has a bad meaning for most people in society. It has a link with terrorism and bombs. We want to legitimise anarchism by linking it to making arguments for struggles against companies and for ecology. Sometimes we try to focus on the links between the state, companies and ecological damages, similar to what Corporate Watch does.


We like to present anarchy as an organised struggle. We have shown people on the streets the organised approach to anarchism.


From 1989 to 2000 anarchism was about image. About wearing black, piercings and Mohicans. This is what people saw. After 2000, people started to see anarchists who were part ofwomen’s struggles and workers' struggles.


We are not taking anarchism from Europe as an imitation. Other anarchists have approached anarchism as an imitation of US or European anarchism or as an underground culture. Ifwe want to make anarchism a social movement, it must change.


DAF’s collectives are Anarchist Youth, Anarchist Women, 26A cafe, Patika ecological collective and high school anarchist action (LAF). These self- organisations work together but have their own decision-making processes.


Anarchist Youth makes connections between young workers and university students and their struggles. Anarchist Women focuses on patriarchy and violence to women. For example, a woman was murdered by a man and set on fire last February. On 25 November there were big protests against violence against women.


LAF criticises education and schooling in itselfand tries to socialise this way of thinking in high schools. LAF also looks at ecological and feminist issues, including when young women are murdered by their husbands.


PATIKA ecological collective protests against hydro electric dams in the Black Sea region or Hasankeyf[where the Ilisu dam is being built]. Sometimes there is fighting to


prevent these plants from being built.


26A Café is a selforganisation focusing on anti-capitalist economy. Cafes were opened in 2009 in Taksim and 2011 in Kadıköy [both in Istanbul]. The cafes are run by volunteers. They are aimed at creating an economic model in the place where oppressed people are living. It’s important to show people concrete examples ofan anarchist economy, without bosses or capitalist aims. We talk to people about why we don’t sell the big capitalist brands like Coca Cola. Ofcourse, the products we sell have a relation to capitalism but things like Coke are symbols ofcapitalism. We want to progress away from not-consuming and move towards alternative economies and ways ofproducing.


Another selforganisation, PAY-DA - 'Sharing and solidarity' - has a building in Kadıköy, which is used for meetings and producing the Meydan newspaper. PAY-DA gives meals to people three times a day. It’s open to anarchists and comrades. The aim ofPAY-DA is to become a co-operative, open to everybody. We try to create a bond which also involves the producers in the villages. We aim to have links with these producers and show them another economic model.


We try to evolve these economic relations away from money relations. The producers are suffering from the capitalist economy. We are in the first steps ofthis co-operative and we are looking for producers to work with.


All ofthese projects are related to DAF's ideology. This model has a connection with Malatesta’s binary model oforganisation.


These are anarchist organisations but


sometimes people who aren't anarchists join these struggles because they know ecological or women's struggles, and then at the end they will learn about anarchism. It’s an evolving process.


As DAF we are trying to organise our lives. This is the only way that we can touch the people who are oppressed by capitalism.


There is also the Conscientious Objectors' Association, which is organised with other groups, not just anarchists. Our involvement in this has a relation with our perspective on Kurdistan. We organise anti- militarist action in Turkey outside of military bases on 15 May, conscientious objector's day. In Turkey the military is related to state culture. Ifyou don’t do your military duty, you won’t find a job and it's difficult to find someone to marry because they ask ifyou’ve been to the army. Ifyou have been to the army, you’re a 'man'. People see the state as the 'Fatherland'. On your CV they ask whether you did military service. 'Every Turk is born a soldier' is a popular slogan in Turkey.


CW: Is Kemalism [the ideology associated with Mustafa Kemal] as strong a force as it used to be?


Kemalism is still a force in schools but the AKP has changed this somewhat. The AKP has a new approach to nationalism focused on the Ottoman Empire. It emphasises Turkey's 'Ottoman roots'. But Erdoğan still says that we are 'one nation, one state, one flag and one religion.' There is still talk about Mustafa Kemal but not as much as before. Now you cannot criticise Erdoğan or Atatürk [the name used for Kemal by Turkish nationalists]. It’s the law not to criticise Atatürk and the unwritten rule not


to criticise Erdoğan. The media follows these rules.


CW: Can you talk about your perspective on the Kurdish freedom struggle?


Kurdish freedom struggles didn’t start with Rojava. Kurdish people have had struggles for hundreds ofyears against the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish state. Since the start ofDAF we have seen Kurdistan as important for propaganda and education.


Our perspective relates to people’s freedom struggles. The idea that people can create federations without nations, states and empires. The Turkish state says the issue is a Kurdish problem, but for us it is not a Kurdish problem, it’s an issue ofTurkish policies ofassimilation, making people assimilate to be a Turk and making the propaganda ofnationalism.


It’s obvious that since the first years ofthe Turkish republic the assimilation ofKurdish people has not stopped. We can see this from the last Roboski massacre [of34 Kurdish cross-border traders by Turkish F16s on 28 December 2011] by the state during the 'peace process'. We can see this in the denial ofKurdish identity or the repeated massacres.


The AKP [the ruling Justice and Development Party] says it has opened Kurdish TV channels, allowed Kurdish language and that we are all brothers and sisters, but on the other hand we had the


Roboski massacre, which occurred during their government.


The words change but the political agenda continues, just under a new government.


We do not call ourselves Turkish. We come from many ethnic origins and Kurdish is one ofthem. Our involvement in conscientious objection is part ofthis perspective. We want to talk to people to prevent people from going to the army to kill their brothers and sisters.


After the 2000s there has been an ideological change in the Kurdish freedom struggle. The Kurdish organisations no longer call themselves Marxist-Leninist and Öcalan has written a lot about democratic confederalism. This is important, but our relation to Kurdish people is on the streets.


CW: Can you talk about DAF's work in solidarity with people in Rojava?


In July 2012 at the start ofthe Rojava revolution, people began saying that it was a stateless movement. We have been in solidarity from the first day ofthe revolution. Three cantons have declared their revolution in a stateless way. We try to observe and get more information. This is not an anarchist revolution but it is a social revolution declared by the people themselves.


Rojava is a third front for Syria against Assad, ISIS and other Islamic groups. But


these are not the only groups that the revolution is faced with. The Turkish republic is giving support for ISIS from its borders. The national intelligence agency of the Turkish republic appears to be giving weapons to ISIS and other Islamic groups. Kurdish people declared the revolution under these circumstances.


After the ISIS attack on Kobanê began [in 2014] we went to Suruç [a town close to border with Kobanê]. We waited at the border as Turkish forces were attacking people crossing. When people wanted to cross the border to or from Kobane they were shot. We stayed there to provide protection.


In October, people gathered near Suruç and broke through the border. Turkish tanks shot gas over the border at them.


From 6 to 8 October there were Kobanê solidarity demonstrations across Turkey. Kader Ortakya, a Turkish socialist supporter ofKobanê, was shot dead trying to cross the border.


We helped people. Some people crossed the border from Kobanê and had no shelter. We prepared tents, food and clothes for them. Sometimes soldiers came to the villages with tear gas and water cannons and we had to move. Some people came through the border searching for their families and we helped them. Other people came, wanting to cross the border and fight and we helped them. We wore clothing that said we were from DAF on it.


The YPG and YPJ ['People's Protection Units' ofRojava, the YPJ is a women's militia]


pushed ISIS back day by day. Mıştenur hill was very important for Kobanê. After the hill was taken by the YPG and YPJ some people wanted to return to Kobanê. When they went back their houses had been destroyed by ISIS. Some houses were mined and some people have been killed by the mines. The mines need to be cleared, but by who and how? People need new houses and help. We have had conferences and talked about how to help Kobanê. There was a conference about the reconstruction of Kobanê two weeks ago in Amed.


CW: What is your position on the elections?


We do not believe in parliamentary democracy. We believe in direct democracy. We do not support the HDP in the election, but we have links in solidarity with them on the streets.


Emma Goldman said that ifelections changed anything they would be illegal. There are good people in the HDP who say good things, but we think that the government can’t be good because the election system isn’t equal.


In Rojava they do not call it an anarchist revolution, but there's no government, no state and no hierarchy, so we believe in it and have solidarity with it.


CW: Can you tell us about the bombing in Suruç? [we asked this final question by email weeks after the original interview]


Over 30 young people who wanted to take part in reconstruction ofKobanê were killed by an ISIS attack. This attack was clearly organised by the Turkish state. They did not


even do anything to stop it although they got the information about the attack one month before. Moreover, after the explosion the Turkish state has attacked Rojava and made operations against political organisations in Turkey. Now there are many operations and political pressures on anarchists and socialists and Kurdish organisations. They are using the explosion as a reason to make this political repression on both the domestic and international levels.


We have lost our 33 comrades, friends who struggled for the Rojava revolution against the state's repression, denial and politics of massacre. There are people who are killed by state, ISIS and other powers. But our resistance won't stop, our struggle will continue, as always in history.


[image]


The stunning, ancient town of Hasankeyfstands on the banks of the Tigris river in north Kurdistan (the part ofKurdistan within the borders ofTurkey). Hasankeyfis 12,000 years old but it is set to vanish forever under a 121 square mile artificial lake when the Ilısu dam is completed. The dam will displace up to 78,000 people, the majority ofwhom are ofKurdish origin. Another 30,000 nomadic people will also be directly af ected. 199 villages will be completely or partially flooded.


The residents ofHasankeyfand surrounding villages don't know when the waters will come. Some say that they could be flooded by March 2016, while others believe that the project will be completed within three years. The dam is currently 90\% complete.


Tragically, the same region already has a devastating recent history. In the 1990s, whole villages were either burnt down by Turkish security forces or forcibly expelled. Thousands ofpeople were killed or disappeared.1 By the mid-1990s, more than 3,000 villages had been wiped from the map.2 The pretext for these actions was to clear the PKK guerillas out ofthe villages but many say the main aim was to expel Kurdish people from their homeland and destroy Kurdish culture and traditions.


There are now roughly 3,000 residents living in Hasankeyf. Many people have already left because ofthe uncertain future ofthe area and because there are now barely any employment opportunities. Once a thriving tourist destination, visitors flocked to the town to visit the ancient ruins and to marvel at Hasankeyf's 5,000 caves, which, until recently, were inhabited for thousands of years.


When Corporate Watch travelled to Hasankeyfearlier in 2015, residents told us


that there used to be many restaurants on the river, catering to tourists. Most ofthe money that people earned came from these restaurants, or from their souvenir shops and small hotels. During 2010, when the main work on the construction ofthe dam began, someone was killed by a rock fall while walking in the valley in Hasankeyf. The government seized the opportunity to use this as a pretext to permanently shut much ofthe ancient monuments, ruins and caves to tourists. This ensured that the locals could no longer make a living and made this precious area effectively disappear from public sight and mind.


The Ilısu dam is part ofthe South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP), consisting of22 dams, which the Turkish government is rolling out in the Kurdish region.


Back in 2006, Turkish prime minister (and now president) Tayyip Erdoğan said ofthe Ilısu dam:


"The step that we are taking today demonstrates



\bigskip


that the south-east is no longer neglected\dots{}This dam will bring big gains to the local people.”3



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However, according to the campaign group Initiative To Keep HasankeyfAlive:



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“To date more than halfofthe GAP has been implemented, but nothing has been improved for the regional people, rather they have had to bear the social and ecological costs while the industrial centres in west Turkey and big companies have the profit.”4



\bigskip


Officially, the Ilısu dam will provide hydro- electric power, but campaigners say there are more underhand reasons for the construction ofthe dam. One is to force Kurdish people out ofrural areas and to assimilate them in cities. Kurdish people will be forced from the countryside to the cities in order to look for work. Turkey has attempted to assimilate Kurdish people for decades, trying to wipe out their cultures and their languages. According to Ercan from the Initiative To Keep HasankeyfAlive:



\bigskip



\bigskip



\bigskip


Previous page: The entrance to Hasankeyf. Photo by Corporate Watch, 2013.


Below: Just some ofHasankeyf's 5,000 caves. Photo by Corporate Watch, November 2015.



\bigskip



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“Assimilation is much easier to achieve within cities, where people speak less Kurdish and connections to traditional Kurdish culture are weaker.”



\bigskip


Another reason for the construction ofthe dam is to restrict the movement and effectiveness ofKurdish PKK guerillas. The building ofnew military bases on the mountain tops all around the dam also ensures that the Turkish military has more control over the area.



\bigskip


The dam will also put pressure on Iraq and allow the Turkish government to use water as a political weapon. Back in 1992, Süleyman Demirel, then prime minister ofTurkey, stated:



\bigskip


Neither Syria nor Iraq can lay claim to Turkey's rivers any more than Ankara could claim their oil. This is a matter ofsovereignty. We have a right to do anything we like. The water resources are Turkey's; the oil resources are theirs. We don't say we share their oil resources, and they cannot share our water resources."" 5"


The dam will also cut the flow ofthe Tigris river to Iraq and damage Iraqi agriculture. Ercan told us:


“Almost all ofIraq cities’ drinking water comes from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. They don’t use ground water. It would be possible for Turkey to cut the water or release too much water. They could even cut the flow ofwater for a few months in the summer time. Turkey wants to be a regional power and this dam is a tool to put pressure on Iraq. The Turkish government already puts pressure on Syria with dams on the Euphrates. The Atatürk dam, which sits on the Euphrates is three times bigger than the Ilısu dam.”


One ofHasankeyf's ancient monuments. Photo by Corporate Watch, November 2015.


In 1990, Turkey cut offthe flow ofthe Tigris for nine days to fill the Atatürk dam reservoir, sparking protests from Syria and Iraq.


Compensation and the construction of New Hasankeyf and New Ilısu


The Turkish government says that it is compensating those who will lose their land and houses due to the building ofthe dam. However, almost halfofthe affected villagers, and all nomadic people, have no land or land titles. They will not get any compensation.6


Everyone we spoke to in Hasankeyftold us they were being offered far too little money. Additionally, only those with families can apply to buy a home in New Hasankeyf.


Those who are single are not entitled to a house.


Murat, a resident ofHasankeyfexplained:


“I have eight brothers. The money must be divided between everyone. So ifI take 10,000 lira, what can I do? The new homes cost us 150,000 lira. How can I buy this?”


Women will be more adversely affected than men by the compensation arrangements, as they are less likely to own property or have rights to the houses that they live in.


An ugly concrete-block town named New Hasankeyfis being built on the mountainside, overlooking the beautiful, ancient town ofthe same name. Many ofthe


buildings have been completed and there are already police guarding the police station. Some residents told us that they will move to New Hasankeyfbut others said they can't afford to buy a flat in the new town. With their land and livelihood underwater and with nowhere to live, they will move to large Kurdish cities such as Amed (Diyarbakır in Turkish) to look for work. The cities are already overcrowded due to the forced eviction ofKurdish villages in the 1990s. Those who move face an uncertain future, away from their families and the structures that would have supported them. Many ofthose migrating will have different skills to those that are required for a job in the city.


The village ofNew Ilısu, overlooking the dam itself, was completed in 2010. There are roughly 50 families already living there.


Ercan told us that when they moved, each family received roughly 30,000 lira per house, and another 60,000 lira ifthey had land. Each new property in New Ilısu cost 80,000 lira. He stated:


“What kind ofnew income will the people have? The government has told the residents that tourists will come to the dam site, and that they can make a living from watersports and fishing. Some people believe this, some don't.”


Resistance


There has been much resistance against the Ilısu dam from both activists and PKK guerillas. The project was halted in 2002 and 2009 because ofthis.


The activist campaign, Initiative To Keep HasankeyfAlive (ITKHA), was formed in 2006. People from all different spheres of


society joined the initiative. Campaigners informed locals oftheir rights, surveys were carried out, and demonstrations took place, including a big protest camp in October 2010.


The ITKHA's main targets were European companies involved in the construction of the dam – Andritz, an Austrian company, Zublin, from Germany, and Alstom, a Swiss company. On top ofthis, three European banks – Bank ofAustria, DEKA bank in Germany and Societe Generale in France – were due to finance the dam. Each company had to apply to their country for an export credit guarantee. The ITKHA aimed their campaign at the governments responsible for granting these guarantees. An independent committee ofexperts showed that the conditions ofthe licenses were not being fulfilled, so in July 2009 the governments withdrew approval. This was a huge success for the campaign. The German and Swiss companies, Züblin and Alstom, resigned from the project. The Austrian company, Andritz, remained and took over their shares.


After this, the government organised financing for the project from three Turkish banks - Halk Bank, a public bank, and Akbank and Garanti Bank, both private banks. Campaigners called upon the public to close their accounts with these banks, and campaigned to local authorities and unions not to hold their employees' accounts with them. According to Ercan,


“It was the first time in Turkey that banks were confronted with a campaign. But the government put a lot ofpressure on these banks to provide the loans for the dam.”


The ITKHA and the Chamber ofLandscape Architects ofTurkey started a trial challenging the dam construction and were successful. As a result, in January 2013, the administrative court ofDiyarbakır made the decision to stop the work on the dam, due to the failure to conduct proper environmental impact assessments (EIAs). Three months later the Turkish government changed the law for EIAs and the dam project continued. Now, ifa project was approved before 1993 it does not need an EIA.


In 2014, PKK guerillas kidnapped two heads ofcompanies subcontracted to supply the workers constructing the dam. All workers stopped dam construction and resigned from the project. The kidnapped men also promised not to work on the dam in exchange for their release. Because ofcalls from the PKK, many local people stopped working on the dam. The government had to do a new tender and the workers started to come from further afield.


In January and February 2015, the PKK attacked the construction machines, and in March they exploded a bomb and destroyed a pipe. These attacks stopped during the run-up to the election because the PKK didn't want to cause tension while the pro- Kurdish HDP party was running a campaign.


In June 2015, after a workers' dispute, dam construction workers set fire to offices and destroyed heavy equipment and vehicles belonging to Malamira, the company which employs the workers on the dam. (For more information, go to our interview with Lokman Erdoğan on p168).


The campaign to list Hasankeyf and the Iraqi marshes as a UNESCO world heritage site


Campaigners believe that Hasankeyffulfills nine out often ofthe criteria to be listed as a UNESCO world heritage site. The Iraqi marshlands will also be destroyed by the Ilısu dam, eradicating thousands ofyears of culture. Locals will be left with absolutely no source ofincome.


According to a local resident ofthe Chibayish marshes in Iraq:


“The dams are going to create a desert and lead to forced migration ofthe people from their homeland to other areas.”


Success in the campaign to list Hasankeyf and the Iraqi marshes a world heritage site could help to stop the completion ofthe dam.


The South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP)


The story doesn't end with the Ilısu dam. Turkey is one ofthe world's most active dam-building countries, with 635 large dams within its borders.7 According to The Munzur Association to Protect Natural Life, there are 1,487 completed or projected dam and hydro-electric projects within Turkey's borders. The number ofcompleted and planned dams and hydro-electric dams in North Kurdistan is 290.8


The South-eastern Anatolia Project,


(shortened to GAP in Turkish) consists of the construction of22 dams and 19 hydroelectric power plants on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and will destroy the rivers' ecosystems.


The first dam was completed in 1974 and many others are also now operational. According to journalist Joris Leverink:


“The finished GAP project will reduce water flows to Syria by 40 percent, and to Iraq by a shocking 80 percent. This in combination with severe droughts which hit the region over the past few years; the ongoing conflict between the Iraqi state and its allies and the militants ofthe Islamic State group; and the millions of(internally) displaced people in the region has the potential for an environmental and humanitarian catastrophe that can cause a serious food security problem which could disrupt the region for years to come.”9


Downstream from the Ilısu dam, the Cizre dam, which hasn't yet been constructed, can only function in conjunction with the completion ofthe Ilısu dam. It will capture the water flowing from the Ilısu dam and divert it for irrigation ofagricultural land. Both ofthese dams are part ofthe South- eastern Anatolia Project.


In 2013, Corporate Watch visited Halfeti, a district which already succumbed to Hasankeyf's fate in the 1990s, when it was flooded after the completion ofthe Birecik dam (also part ofthe South-eastern Anatolia Project) on the Euphrates river. Around 6,500 (mostly Kurdish) villagers had to be relocated as their houses disappeared.10 Tour boats now plough the waters ofthe dam, taking a few intrigued tourists to see the drowned village ofSavaşan Köyü.


Cameras click as the tourists take photos ofthe old mosque, which now sits deep underwater, its minaret poking out ofthe water.


A study carried out by Özer and Taluğ in 2008, based on 44 villages affected by the construction ofthe Birecik dam, found that 82.5 percent ofthe population was worse offafter resettlement. Housing conditions deteriorated and unemployment became a significant problem. In a 2013 thesis, Cigdem Kurt found that the houses in new Halfeti (built by TOKİ, the Housing Development Association) were ofterrible quality:


“Issues such as broken stairs, leaking roofs and poor quality windows and doors meant that re-settlers had to undertake building work before moving in.”11


Before the area was flooded by the Birecik dam, communities in Halfeti district mostly made their living from their small-scale pistachio orchards and fishing in the Euphrates. Despite being an irrigation dam, local farmers have not benefited. Farmland was lost to the waters, and there are no options to buy new farmland in the area.


The whole GAP project has massive implications for landless people, who will receive no compensation. Those who are landless and whose livelihoods are heavily dependent on herding animals are extremely vulnerable to poverty.12 Women, in particular, take responsibility for keeping the animals, and the production ofmilk and eggs is a source of income for families.


The new towns, such as New Halfeti or New Ilısu, have rules that do not allow the keeping of livestock, denying them this source ofincome. Additionally, those who are landless and who work on land owned by others receive no compensation, and lose their livelihood.


Dams on the border of South Kurdistan


In June 2015 Corporate Watch travelled on the road through the North Kurdish mountains bordering South Kurdistan (Başûr, the part ofKurdistan within Iraq's borders). Turkish military bases keep watch over the area, and soldiers stop (mostly Kurdish) travellers at frequent checkpoints. “Why are you here?” we were asked many times, while our passports were being checked.


There are 11 dams planned by Turkey along this border, several ofwhich are already under construction. The dams are officially being built to provide power and to store water.


However, the flooding ofthe valleys and the creation oflakes is also a political move. The dams block Kurdish guerillas' movements, and effectively separate Bakur from Başûr (or North Kurdistan from South Kurdistan).

\section{An Interview with Murat, a Hasankeyf Residentand part of the Initiative to Keep Hasankeyf Alive}


Murat: I was born in Hasankeyf. My father and my grandfather were born by the castle. I have a shop here. In 2014 there was an election and I was the mayoral candidate for the HDP.


Hasankeyfis important for the AKP [the ruling political party] - a very strategic area. They did tricks and the AKP stole the votes for the municipal election. Now the belediye [council] is AKP. Ifwe had won this municipality, maybe we could have made some problems for the dam.


One ofthe tricks they did was with the election boxes. There were seven election boxes. Six had been filled, but [the completion of] one box was delayed ‘til dark. When they saw that they would lose the vote, they turned offelectricity and it went dark and they counted the vote by hand.


Ofcourse the population ofHasankeyfdoesn’t want the dam. Before the AKP government was [the only ruling] party. Now they must make a coalition. The MHP is not good – it’s a fascist party. Ifthe CHP makes a coalition with them this is better for us. [This interview was carried out soon after the June 2015 election. In fact, the AKP didn't form a coalition and called a snap election in November 2015]. This area is very important for the PKK. And Hasankeyfis very historical. People have lived here for 12,000 years.


Corporate Watch: Do you think that the dam will be cancelled?


I think so, why not? The government have put 10 billion dollars into Ilısu dam. But Hasankeyf is important for all the world. Maybe they can change the project. The dam wall is 526 metres. Perhaps they can change the project so that the water is lower and Hasankeyfisn’t flooded.


Maybe we can save Hasankeyf.


Three or four years ago a university professor wrote that ifyou make four small dams it would be better than this Ilısu dam but the government said they would not change the project.


Hasankeyfis halfArabic, halfKurdish. We can speak Arabic, Kurdish and Turkish here. For us we are the same.


CW: Why do you think they are building the dam?


The government says that the dam is for the people. But I think it’s for three reasons. Firstly, for power. They will have power over Iraq’s water. They will have power over Iraq. Secondly, the PKK has routes for guerillas in this area. The Ilısu dam stops this. Thirdly, water for


drinking. In maybe 35 years time, water will be more important than petrol. They will sell it like they sell petrol from the pipeline from Azerbaijan. Turkey will have about 1,500 dams – of course, not [all] as big as the Ilısu dam. Every river has [similar] projects on it.


CW: Will everyone go to new Hasankeyf?


I think when people have to move not everyone will go to New Hasankeyf. Maybe halfwill go. The others will go to Istanbul, Bursa, different cities. The government gives money for a home [as compensation], but just a little. People will go to Batman or Istanbul for a job and money.


Ifthere are no jobs, people will move. Four years ago Hasankeyfcastle was open. Tourists came. There were restaurants on the water opposite the castle. Now everything is closed and the economy for Hasankeyfdepended on this.


We do not want to go to New Hasankeyf. I have been offered a little money for my house. My home is my father's. He has died. We will get 90,000 lira maximum. 550 lira per square metre. This money is not for one person. In the last 30 years there has been a ban from making new homes here. So every home has five, six, seven, eight siblings. I have eight brothers. The money must be divided between everyone. So ifI take 10,000 lira, what can I do? The new homes cost us 150,000 lira. How can I buy this?


Here there are no jobs – how will they give us new jobs in New Hasankeyf? For this shop they would give roughly \$2,500 (7,000 lira). This is very, very little. A new computer would cost


\$1,000. I rent this shop. This money will go to the owner.


The government said that for people who lived in Hasankeyfbefore 1 April 2013, you can buy a new home. But ifyou are not married, they won’t give you a home. The government won’t give the houses for free. It’s a very, very capitalist government.


I have a shop. I pay tax to the government. But I am not married so I can’t buy a home. CW: Where will you live?


I was born in Hasankeyf. Ofcourse I will go to New Hasankeyfbut ifthey don’t give me a home I don’t know where I will live. Maybe I will go to live near the castle.


Maybe in one year the dam will be finished. The water will come slowly and then in two or three years Hasankeyfwill be underwater. Hasankeyfis important for all the world. Why doesn’t UNESCO or the EU recognise this? Why don’t people tell Turkey this? Mesopotamia is very important. The first culture was here. This river is really important. Christian, Armenian,


Ottoman, Kurdish, Syrian, Egyptian and maybe Jewish people have history here. CW: Can people in Europe help to save Hasankeyf?


Ofcourse you can help to save Hasankeyf. Maybe you can help pressure your parliament. Maybe you can make protests. Maybe we can make some activities and one month we can meet in Hasankeyfand do activities for saving Hasankeyf. Ifthere is good organisation we can get 10,000 people here for a concert. You could make a protest at the same date and time in London. Ifyou are near a UNESCO office you can make a protest there.


The government’s power has lessened [because ofthe results ofthe June 2015 election]. So if we make more protests it may be more effective than before. We can increase and improve protests as the government is weaker. People don’t want the Ilısu dam.


Ifthe government wants energy, this area sees the sun for eight to nine months per year. We can use renewable energy – solar energy. The dam is a big loss for nature, history, people and animals. IfHasankeyfhas to move, the compensation is very little.


CW: Do you think the companies have a responsibility for what is happening?


Cengiz [the contractor for the dam construction] is the same as the AKP. [Cengiz Holding's chiefexecutive, Mehmet Cengiz, is believed to be a close ally ofpresident Erdoğan]. This is the responsibility ofthe government. The company does everything for money, but the government must think about everything. The government has all the responsibility.


Children picnic at the caves in Hasankeyf.


Photo by Corporate Watch, 2013.

\section{Interview with Lokman Erdoğan from the thermal springs village of Düğünyordu (Taroni)}


Corporate Watch: What do you think ofthe dam?


Lokman: We do not want the dam. First ofall they kill nature – this is the most important thing. My family have been here for nearly a thousand years.


There was a big problem yesterday. Three people from the village are in hospital. The army came with machine guns. The problem came from a dispute with the [Malamira] company about how many hours we should work. Ifwe work more than eight hours the company must pay us more, but they don’t. We said to the company that ifwe work more than eight hours, you have to pay us extra, but they refused.


Yesterday at 12pm workers spoke with the boss ofMalamira. They said that they can only work eight hours because it’s Ramadan and its very hot.


After that, we talked with the union. The union representatives came to Dargecit [a nearby town]. Malamira sent an SMS to the union to say they shouldn’t come [to the dam site].


Malamira also talked to the army and said: “Don’t let the union come here, because the union says that the workers must be paid extra for more than eight hours work. It would be a problem for the company.”


When the union arrived in Dargecit, the owner ofcompany said by text message: “It’s forbidden for you to come”. When workers learned this, they protested with slogans. They said: “Why don’t you let the union in?” After that, the owner began shooting at people who live in the village. Then people from this village and another village started to break everything they saw


- vehicles, trucks and cars. The army came within five minutes and they took the company people to the company building. They closed the way. They pushed people back to the village. Now the work on the dam has stopped.


We don’t know ifthe owner was arrested. He went with the army. The army witnessed him shooting at people. Everybody has a gun in the company. For example, ifthey come here to do their shopping they bring guns.


One person was shot in the leg and was seriously injured. The other two will be home in a few days.


I don’t work for the company. This company has been working here for seven years. They bring workers from Diyarbakır. They gave me just two months work, last year, during Ramadan.


All ofthe problems here are about work. They don’t give work to local people. Not many people work in the village on the dam. Maybe ten. Out of1,000 workers locally about 200 are from our villages. It’s a hard job. For one day you earn about 70 lira (£17.50). I was a manager, fixing iron onto a building. That was good money. Generally people get 1,000 lira [about £233] per month. I got 2,000. I worked between ten and twelve hours per day and I wasn’t paid any extra money to work more than eight hours. I didn’t have a contract.


CW: When will the dam be completed?


It is not certain when the dam will be finished – two to three years, or sooner ifthey work hard. It would be better ifthe dam stopped now. Even though they bring work they bring very hard work. We work very hard and are paid very little money. There are hot springs here. If the dam wasn’t here, we would have lots oftourists here at the hot springs. No tourists come here now. Only local people. Generally it’s forbidden for people to come here because ofthe dam construction. At the gate on the road the security and the army say ”go back”. The security company is called Alsancak. They are worse than the army.


CW: Do people in the village like the dam?


1-2\% ofthe village like the dam. These people make good money – they have a contract with the army or the company. For example, the company says: “we need more people or a car”; and they will be paid to find one for them.


CW: Is this a Kurdish village?


The people in this village are 100\% Kurdish. CW: Did people protest against the dam construction?


We couldn’t protest because there were too many Jandarma [military police].


They built nearly 20 military bases in 2006\Slash{}7. First they made the [military] stations, then they brought the company, then the army came.


Before the dam construction started someone from the government came to ask us ifwe wanted the dam. Everyone said "no" but they didn’t listen.


CW: Will you have to leave your village?


It’s not certain ifwe will have to move when the dam is complete. When they test the water they will see whether we will have to go. I don’t know where we would go to. For another village, they paid them compensation and told them they can go wherever they want. My


home is worth 300,0000 lira, they would pay me roughly 100,000 lira. Everywhere it’s the same. They pay very little money. In this village no-one has taken any compensation yet. They haven’t made an offer. They haven’t said where we can live.


CW: Can people do anything in Europe to stop the dam?


The important thing is that they know that we are here because you talk about us. Don’t forget us.


CW: What do you think about the companies working here?


I was born here. I have land and a home here. This company has killed the region and the area. They treat poor people like animals. This dam won’t bring happiness to the region.


CW: What are the reasons for the building ofthe dam?


I don’t believe it’s for electricity. It’s political. We won't get any benefits from the dam. CW: Do you have hope that the dam won’t be completed?


I always pray to god that the dam will not be completed. We want nature to stay as it is.

\section{Interview with hasankeyf resident Asya Okay and her daughter}


CW: Asya, can you tell us about yourself?


Asya: We are Kurmanji Kurdish. I am 48 years old. I was born in Gerçus and I got married and moved here 23 years ago. My mother and father have died.


CW: What do you think about the dam?


All ofthe women say that they don’t want the dam. Here is our home. After the dam is completed we won’t have a home. I don’t know where we will go. We do not have the money for a new house in New Hasankeyf. We get very little money for the houses here. They have


offered 60,000 lira but houses in New Hasankeyf


Asya inside her home in Hasankeyf. Photo by Corporate Watch, June 2015.


are 120,000 lira. There are five people in my family - three sons and one daughter - and one son is married. My married son lives in the same house, as we are banned from building new houses here. Because it’s a historical place we couldn’t build any new house.


My husband is working in Istanbul because there are no jobs here. Tourism is finished here in Hasankeyf. We have tourism for only two months per year. The castle is closed. In the winter people don’t come. Before, my husband had a restaurant on the Tigris. But then the government said it was dangerous because one rock fell from the castle. There were 35 restaurants on the Tigris. Every family had a job here before things were closed three years ago. We had the restaurant for 16 years.


My husband is now a cook in Istanbul. He has a second marriage and four children in Istanbul.


Here the women are second class citizens.


Asya's daughter: The women are fourth class citizens! CW: Why is the dam bad for women?


Asya: For women it’s no good in the new city. There’s no jobs. We have children. Where will the children get jobs? My daughter is 22 years old. My sons are 19, 20, and my married son is


1. My sons have no jobs.


When the dam comes I don’t know where we will go. The money will not go to us. It will go to our mother and father-in-law who own the house.


My husband and his second wife will have a new house in Batman. The dam is almost finished. We said five years ago that we didn’t want the dam but they are still going ahead with it.


CW: Will you buy a house in New Hasankeyf?


Asya's daughter: For the first five years we don’t have to pay money, then after that we can pay 600 lira per month. The houses are good in New Hasankeyfand there’s a mosque and a new school. In Old Hasankeyfthe school isn’t good. But the dam is not good either. After the dam is completed there will be a museum here. I will live in New Hasankeyf. What else can I do? Everywhere else will be under water. [Historical architecture] is being restored here but when the dam is finished everything here will be a museum.

\section{Interview with hasankeyf resident Bİrsen Yeşİl, her daughter Dİbra and husband Abdullah}


CW: Can you tell us about yourselfand your family?


Birsen: I am 44 years old. We are an Arab family and we speak Arabic, Kurdish and Turkish. I’m married and have children. I was born in Hasankeyfand I have been married for 28 years. I have four children - three sons and one daughter. My daughter is 17. My sons are 10, 15 and 16.


CW: What do you think ofthe dam?


I think that the dam is a good thing. Maybe New Hasankeyfwill be good. The houses in New Hasankeyfare good. We will buy two houses – one in New Hasankeyfand one in Batman. My husband is a chauffeur and will continue to do this work in new Hasankeyf. The house is worth 70,000 lira [in compensation] but the family will not


get this as we do not own our house.


Abdullah: I don’t want the dam. We don't want the dam! My city is good. I was born here, my father was born here.


Birsen: New Hasankeyfmay be good because we will have a new school and hospital. We don’t have them here. There are no big schools, no hospitals, no big hotels. Maybe it will be better there.


Dibra: In New Hasankeyfmy school may be good. The historical monuments going underwater may be bad but maybe the school and hospital will be good.


CW: Ifyou were provided a good school and hospital here in the old town, would you still want the dam?


Birsen and Dibra: No. Ifwe had the school and hospital here and they were good, we wouldn’t want the dam.

\section{Interview with Bİlal Memİş in Hasankeyf}


CW: Can you tell us about yourself?


Bilal: I was born in Hasankeyf. My family is Kurdish. I’m 19 years old. I go to Batman university and I’m studying to be an oil engineer. I’m a tour guide in Hasankeyfon the two days that I’m not at university.


Three years ago, people used to visit the local castle. Now it’s closed so they just see the church and canyon.


After the castle closed, not many tourists came here. There’s no work here since the castle closed. My family lives here and my


Above: Bilal in one ofHasankeyf's 5,000 caves. Photo by Corporate Watch, June 2015.


father works in Kocaeli now. He’s working in construction. Before the castle closed my father had a restaurant on the Tigris. Now he has to go for work in Kocaeli.


CW: What do you think ofthe dam?


The dam is not good. The history will be finished here. I was born here. I love it here. It's very beautiful. But the dam will destroy that. My grandfather and grandmother’s tombs are here. When the dam comes the tombs will be under the water.


CW: What do you think ofNew Hasankeyf?


New Hasankeyfis not good because here is so nice. The new school and hospital may be good. My school here in Hasankeyfis not so good. It’s not clean and there’s not good teaching. The building’s not good.


CW: Have there been protests against the dam?


There have been many protests against the dam. Many people came. I went to them. But the government says that the dam will be built. Kurdish politicians say 'no' to the dam. Other countries have stopped the money [being invested in] the dam but Turkey doesn't stop. Now Akbank and Garanti bank are giving money. I want this to become a UNESCO site because then the dam won’t come here. People in Europe must put pressure on governments.


For more information about the companies involved in the construction ofthe dam, please see our section, Companies complicit in ecological destruction in Bakur on p213.

\section{End Notes}


1. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}\href{http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/25/turkey-justice-central-kurdish-peace-process}{hrw.org\Slash{}news\Slash{}2013\Slash{}04\Slash{}25\Slash{}turkey-justice-central-kurdish-peace-process}


1. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}\href{http://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/turkey0305/3.htm\#\_Toc97005223}{hrw.org\Slash{}reports\Slash{}2005\Slash{}turkey0305\Slash{}3.htm\#\_Toc97005223}


1. \href{http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5249086.stm}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}news.bbc.co.uk\Slash{}1\Slash{}hi\Slash{}world\Slash{}europe\Slash{}5249086.stm}


1. \href{http://www.hasankeyfgirisimi.net/?page\_id=6}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.hasankeyfgirisimi.net\Slash{}?page\_id=6}


1. \href{http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/IraqSyri.pdfpage}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.thecornerhouse.org.uk\Slash{}sites\Slash{}thecornerhouse.org.uk\Slash{}files\Slash{}IraqSyri.pdfpage}6


1. \href{http://www.hasankeyfgirisimi.net/?page\_id=6}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.hasankeyfgirisimi.net\Slash{}?page\_id=6} 7.\href{http://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/turkey}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.internationalrivers.org\Slash{}campaigns\Slash{}turkey} 8.\href{http://www.diclehaber.com/en/news/content/view/450421?from=129182982}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.diclehaber.com\Slash{}en\Slash{}news\Slash{}content\Slash{}view\Slash{}450421?from=129182982}


1. \href{http://www.telesurtv.net/english/opinion/Water-A-Source-of-Life-and-Conflict-in-the-Land-of-Two-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.telesurtv.net\Slash{}english\Slash{}opinion\Slash{}Water-A-Source-of-Life-and-Conflict-in-the-Land-of-Two-} Rivers-20150522-0020.html


1. \href{http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2000/12/1201\_turkey.html}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}news.nationalgeographic.com\Slash{}news\Slash{}2000\Slash{}12\Slash{}1201\_turkey.html}


1. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}theses.ncl.ac.uk\Slash{}dspace\Slash{}bitstream\Slash{}10443\Slash{}2223\Slash{}1\Slash{}Kurt,\%20C.\%201pdf


1


Ancient Hasankeyf. Photo by Dûrzan.

\section{An Interview with Batman Ecology Assembly}


In the summer of2015, Corporate Watch interviewed the Ecology Assembly in Batman. The modern city ofBatman was a village until the 1950s, but was built upon rapidly after oil was discovered. The largest oil field in Turkey lies just outside the city. At 17 kilometres long, the Batı Raman oil field produces 7,000 barrels ofoil per day. However, the local Kurdish community gets no benefits from living in such an oil-rich region.


Corporate Watch: Can you tell us about the Ecology Assembly?


Ecology Assembly: The Mesopotamian Ecology Movement was established in Amed in 2011 under the umbrella ofthe DTK [the Democratic Society Congress, an umbrella organisation aiming to establish democratic confederalism in Bakur]. From there, we built a branch in Batman. We started as activists and we became an assembly six months ago. Our main aim in establishing the assembly was to gather all ofthe activists in Batman in an inclusive way, despite differences ofpolitical views and other issues.


We raise awareness ofecological and environmental issues. We built this assembly to take care ofall beings, not just humans. We are aware ofthe detrimental changes that industrialisation has done to the world, and we want to inform the Batman community about this.


We are part ofa group called Planetary Boundaries, which is an international working group with lots ofagendas; for example, it focuses on the acidification ofthe oceans.


The capitalist world puts a price on everything, and the capitalist structure has killed humanity and nature. To be successful in building alternatives, we must have a strong network, getting help from and supporting each other.


We're also against the ill treatment ofnature in the Amazon, Nicaragua and other places in the world, and we are friends ofthe Zapatistas. Our nature, our future and our hopes shouldn’t be in the hands ofbig corporations. Nature doesn’t belong to big companies, and our future shouldn’t be in the hands ofcapitalists.


CW: How do you fit into the structure ofthe DTK?


All assemblies have representatives in the DTK. We have a representative too. We are part of


the process ofdemocratic autonomy. The Ecology Assembly has branches in Amed, Wan and other cities, and the HDP [party] is supporting us. Also, within democratic autonomy, we think about the freedom and independence ofwomen. This is a main focus for us.


CW: Do you have a hierarchical structure in the Ecology Assembly?


Hierarchical structures don't exist here. We believe in autonomy. We don’t have a general secretary. We just have spokespeople. We are not separating genders, and we accept all people as humans. We don't just believe in the importance ofhuman lives; we believe in preserving the existence ofnon-human life forms too.


CW: You've done a lot ofactivist work around Hasankeyfand the devastating impacts ofthe Ilısu dam. [The Ecology Assembly helped to organise World HasankeyfDay in 2015].


Yes. We have tried to raise awareness to the world media. There are different movements working together against dams. We're working together with The Black Sea Revolution Movement and the Initiative To Keep HasankeyfAlive.


Hasankeyfis not just an ecological issue. Cultural genocide is being committed. Hasankeyf has an ancient history and we have to conserve this history. Ifit’s not conserved, our traditions and culture will vanish.


85\% ofthe Ilısu dam is finished so we have very little time left. We need a worldwide awareness-raising campaign. Hasankeyfisn’t just an issue for Kurds, it’s an international issue because ifthe dam is completed, it shows that capitalists can do whatever they want.


Groups around the world can take action against the Ilısu dam. Internationally, we have big support from Germany.


CW: Should people protest against companies involved in the dam?


We are thinking about protesting against one company called Malamira. And we'll protest with people in Germany and Austria about the Austrian company, Andritz [see p214 ofthis book for more information]. But we need more international support. Ifpeople in Europe were to protest outside the offices ofbig corporations, it would be more successful than ifwe do it here. We're trying to increase the civil protest movement as much as possible, but we don’t want to harm anyone.


We would be pleased ifdelegations from Europe would come here and join our protests against the Ilısu dam. And in general, it would be great ifpeople would come over and make


connections with us. It’s especially good ifwell known people can come to raise awareness about the dam.


CW: You live in Batman, which is in a big oil producing region\dots{}


The petrol history ofBatman is just fifty years old. Before that, Batman was very clean. Since they started to dig for oil it’s changed dramatically.


The water that's underground is really bad quality and air pollution is becoming a big problem. Illnesses that af ect people's breathing are increasing. In Turkey, Batman has the highest rate ofthese illnesses, especially in children.


It's because ofthe air pollution which comes from the refinery here in Batman. They are only partially refining the oil here but it's enough to pollute the air.


CW: Is the refinery owned by the government?


It was in the hands ofthe government and was a state run company. Now Tüpraş is privately run and we can’t do anything because they are more capitalist than the government and are just interested in profit.


CW: Do local people get any benefits from the oil industry in Batman?


No. Kurdish people are getting no benefits from this. This is why the Batman municipality is protesting the industry. The corporations and the government are getting the benefits, but the people are not. There are just a few workers who benefit.


And Kurdish companies are harming the environment and people too. We are against anyone who harms the environment, even ifthey’re Kurdish. Nature belongs to the people, not to any factory or government.


CW: Are international companies involved in the oil industry or other industries?


We are not aware ofwhich companies are coming and going, but we know that a Chinese company is mining in Şırnak. There's massive amounts ofgranite being extracted from the ground in Şırnak. Other companies are definitely coming to look for riches. We're against this. The riches should stay here and no-one should be able to take them abroad.


CW: What do you think offracking?


The gas that’s coming from the rocks should stay there. We know that it’s harming the environment. The Mesopotamian Ecology Movement have done a couple ofprotests around fracking.


CW: Are you working on issues such as food sovereignty and land ownership?


We have communes in Bitlis, Wan and Kars. We are trying to live as equally as possible and trying to take care ofeveryone. There are co-operatives in Bitlis where we are growing wheat communally and sharing the profits. We are trying to do the same in Wan. The private owners have given their land to the co-operatives. We are trying to return to farming that excludes genetically modified foods.


CW: Are you helping with the reconstruction ofKobanê, over the Syrian border in Rojava?


The Mesopotamian Ecology Movement, which we are a part of, is trying to build an ecological hospital in Kobanê. There was a conference in Amed about the reconstruction ofKobanê and lots ofgroups attended. Within this conference there was a long-term project to rebuild Kobanê in an ecological way, with ecological houses and power and water supplies. The rebuilding ofthe city will take years, and the urgent need is to build an ecological hospital. We have support from the German communist party. They are helping us to write about the project and get funding. Actually, the biggest obstacle is getting the funding. The Mesopotamian Ecology Movement is doing the coordination and handling the finance.


Our main aim in helping Kobanê is to ensure that it remains a self-governed canton, and isn't dependent on Turkey or Syria.


CW: Are you worried about western powers colonising Kobanê and Rojava by giving money for reconstruction and then gaining more power in the region?


We are trying to rebuild Kobanê so that it's independent ofbig powers. But the colonisation ofKurdistan began a long time ago. Capitalists have been opening factories and dams for a long time.


Take Batman, for example. It is rich in oil. Turkish companies are taking oil to the west of Turkey and refining it. They aren’t paying taxes in the Kurdish area. Ifthey refined it here then we would get US\$ 1 billion every year in taxes. This would go to the municipality of Batman. On the contrary, Turkey is the most expensive country for petrol and diesel. The municipality has taken the company, TPAO, to court. The company should pay the people here. The municipality has made a complaint to the ministry saying that TPAO should pay taxes here. The complaint is ongoing.


CW: Earlier on, you said that women's freedom was a main focus for the ecology assembly. Can you explain more about the women's movement?


This is a big issue. We are within the DTK, which is taking care ofwomen’s rights. Our ecology assembly is also taking the structure ofthe DTK and trying to implement it in the assembly. We have two spokespeople, one male and one female. Within the assembly we have a special group just for women, who take care ofissues around ecology and women.


Until now we have more male members ofthe ecology assembly than female members. So we've actually stopped taking male members until the quota is 50\Slash{}50.


We have four commissions here - organisation, press, education and finance - all with male and female spokespeople. All groups are taking equality very seriously. Before capitalism it was a matriarchal society. We want to rebuild this.


CW: [We direct our question to just the women in the meeting]. What do you think? Is there equality between men and women?


Within this assembly there’s no obstacles for us, but in society the men can be resistant. Theoretically there's equality on the streets, but in practice, men dislike it. We saw examples ofthis when we were campaigning on the streets before the election.


The Kurdish freedom movement takes the rights ofwomen very seriously. Ifa male member ofany structure says something sexist, he will be dismissed. For example, a male candidate [in the election] was dismissed because he said that there were too many female candidates.


CW: What can feminists do from outside in solidarity with women here?


We don’t have any networks with feminist groups in Europe. We need support from outside. The feminist movement in Europe is older and it would be great to build networks, both for solidarity and for sharing information and ideas.

\section{Wan Economic Commission speak about ecology}


In Bakur, commissions have been set up as part ofthe movement for democratic confederalism. We asked members ofthe Wan Economic Commission about their views on ecology.


CW: Can you talk about the activities ofcorporations in the region?


In the last 15 years, big companies from Europe and Turkey have come to Kurdistan, opening mines, privatising and selling water, and making dams for hydro-electricity.


To open a mine you need a certificate, and the government gives these certificates. No local institutions are involved in the process. You just go to Ankara and the government gives it to you. In Kurdistan, the certificates were given 15 or 20 years ago. No mayors or local institutions can say anything about it.


The Koza İpek corporation is searching for gold here. They are waiting for the [PKK] guerillas to leave the mountains so that they can open mines, but the PKK won’t leave. [In September 2015, after this interview took place Koza İpek was accused ofbeing part ofthe Gülen movement, an Islamic movement that is in conflict with Turkey's AKP government. Many of the company's offices were raided. There is an ongoing process where many Koza İpek holdings have been taken over by the Turkish authorities].


In Wan area there are 32 planned hydro-electric projects. In Muradye province they have completed two hydro electric projects. There's an ‘ecological corridor’ or green belt in this town where you are not supposed to build anything. There is a waterfall and rare kinds offish but they built the hydro-electric centres in this place. We had some protests there but the project went ahead anyway. They also have a planned project in Elbak (Başkalek).


In 1930, Turkish soldiers killed thousands ofKurdish people in Zilan valley. Now they have a hydro-electric project there. The project means that villages will be without water and will have to evacuate.


Hydro-electric dams are built for military aims. They make artificial lakes so guerillas cannot pass through. Even ifit’s not profitable for them, they do it. They evacuate villages that supposedly help the PKK. Turkish industry gets its electricity from Kurdistan. They give the electricity to the companies for cheap. Forty years ago they started the South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP). 90\% ofthe benefits from that project go to Turkish companies. We use the word 'colonialism' when we talk about Kurdistan because Turkey takes the profit from Kurdistan for Turkey and Turkish industry.


The same thing happens in agriculture and farming. Twenty years ago they evacuated more than 2,000 villages. After that, Kurdish people couldn’t produce and work in farming. The government gives Kurdish people small subsidies each month so that they don’t have to produce anything. They do this under the name ofsupporting people. People become dependent on the small handouts. This is another way ofwaging war against Kurdish people and it continues until now.


CW: What do you think ofthe companies building the dams?


Ofcourse we don’t think that the companies building these dams should be doing this. They destroy our history, our culture, and we don’t want them opening mines and making dams here.


Kurdish people have been in struggle for a long time. We have a long rebellion against capitalism and the state, but unfortunately people in Europe don’t know Kurdish struggles like they do the Palestinian or Zapatista struggles. We need the democratic, socialist, anarchist and autonomist people to cooperate with Kurdish people against the colonialist, imperialist and fascist powers.


CW: Do you think that people should target companies?


You can definitely target the companies. In the case ofthe Ilısu dam, the people targeted the European export credit guarantees and companies pulled out. It delayed the project by a few years. Ifwe target these connections we can affect the projects.


The deserted village ofSavaşan Köyü. The minaret ofthe submerged mosque can be seen above the water. The village is in the district ofHalfeti, which was flooded after the completion ofthe Birecik dam on the Euphrates (Firat) river. 6,500 mostly Kurdish villagers had to be relocated. Photo by Corporate Watch, 2013.

\chapter{Part 7: The struggle against Daesh}

\section{Rebuilding Kobanê}


This article appeared on Red Pepper and Corporate Watch in January 2016.


Brighton Kurdish Solidarity visited Kobanê in November 2015 and and met those trying to rebuild what Daesh and US bombs have destroyed.


We have cleared 1.5 million tonnes ofrubble, Abdo Rrahman Hemo (known as Heval Dostar), head ofthe Kobanê Reconstruction Board, tells us humbly as we sit in his office in Kobanê city in November 2015. But as we walk through the bombed streets, with collapsed buildings all around us and dust filling our lungs, it's hard to believe that Kobanê could have been any worse. "We have estimated that 3.5 billion dollars ofdamage has been caused," he continues.


It's been one year since the US bombing ofKobanê—then partly occupied by Daesh—and most ofthe buildings are still in tatters. Kobanê is in Rojava, a Kurdish majority region in the north ofSyria that declared autonomy from the Assad regime in 2012.


When Daesh approached, the majority ofthose who were not involved in defending the city left, most to neighbouring Turkey. The People's Protection Units ofthe YPJ and YPG remained to defend the city, and were eventually given air support by the US. Most ofthe refugees have now returned, only to find a city almost entirely destroyed and littered with mines and booby traps, planted by Daesh before they were defeated. As we walk around, a family waves at us from the wreckage oftheir home, which no longer has three ofits walls.


A street in Kobanê. Photo by Corporate Watch, November 2015.


Washing lines are hung up and clothes are dried amongst the wrecked houses as people continue their daily lives.


The siege of Rojava


So why is Kobanê still in ruins one year on? Unsurprisingly, the US, whose bombs caused the majority ofdestruction in Kobanê, has not provided any support for the reconstruction. This is a mixed blessing, as US reconstruction efforts are aimed at creating markets for US companies and generating allies for US foreign policy. But it leaves a vacuum which grassroots solidarity movements need to fill.


Yet the main reason is because ofthe closures ofthe borders ofRojava, amounting to a siege, imposed by the governments ofneighbouring Turkey and Iraqi Kurdistan. This has had a hugely negative impact, as Dostar tells us:


The border is extremely important for humanitarian aid. It afects health, education and all other areas. Turkey is following its own self-interests. One of their aims is for us to be completely dependent on them. For two months now there has been an absolute embargo and for one month there has even been no cement allowed through. This is a big problem as winter is coming. We urgently need a humanitarian corridor opened.


This seems unlikely, however, unless pressure can be brought to bear against the Turkish government. Turkey's ruling Justice and Development party is currently engaged in a war with the Kurds in Bakur. People in Bakur are demanding the same autonomy that has been won in Rojava. Since summer 2015 Kurdish towns have been barricaded by locals, who have armed themselves against attacks by the Turkish police and army. People are organising themselves into confederations ofvillage, neighbourhood and town assemblies, following the model ofdemocratic confederalism, the ideology based on the ideas ofKurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK) founder Abdullah Öcalan, which has also inspired the revolution in Rojava. The state has responded by attacking residential areas with tanks, mortars and helicopters.


Since the revolution, the Rojava-based YPJ and YPG have been supported by fighters from the PKK, which is currently fighting the Turkish army and is considered a terrorist group by the Turkish government, the European Union and the US.


Regarding Rojava, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has stated that he will never allow the formation ofa Kurdish state "on our southern border in the north ofSyria." Erdoğan has repeatedly threatened military intervention in Rojava and his government has been accused ofarming Daesh, and allowing its fighters to cross into Syria from Turkey.


The Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) ofSouth\Slash{}Iraqi Kurdistan has also been imposing harsh restrictions on the border ofRojava. The KRG, ruled by President Massoud Barzani, is an ally ofthe US and sees the Rojava self-administration's new model ofautonomy as a threat to their power in the region. As Dostar elaborates:


The position ofthe KRG is exactly the same as the Turkish government. It's the same political perspective. It's not so much Barzani but the party ofBarzani. The ideology here in Rojava is in direct conflict to ideology ofthe party in Başûr [Başûr means 'south' in Kurmanji Kurdish, referring to the Kurdish autonomous region within Iraq's borders]. We have different systems and values. This causes huge problems to the humanitarian issue.


Because the KRG perceives the Rojava SelfAdministration as a threat, vital reconstruction materials, medicines and medical equipment are prevented from crossing from Iraqi Kurdistan into Rojava. According to Dostar:


Sometimes they allow things to come through but it requires a lot ofpolitics on our side. They will not allow building materials to pass. They allow basic things after a lot ofpolitical pressure from us, but nothing that will make a positive long-term impact to our reconstruction work.


Absentaid


As we walk around Kobanê city, it's obvious that international organisations are mostly absent. There are few foreign aid workers and almost no signs ofany ongoing reconstruction projects. Dostar tells us:


On 1 July 2015 there was a large conference in Brussels about the reconstruction ofKobanê. A lot of NGOs and parliamentarians attended and their reaction was supportive and positive in providing aid to us. But this has not been so in practice. Many NGOs have been here and have made many promises to remove mines and work on water and sewage, for example, but not much has been delivered. Also, when major NGOs try to bring over medicines and equipment it's often not allowed to come through. An individual with a small package can come through, but this has a very small impact. Its the same on both borders.


It's not only materials, but also people, that Turkey and the KRG are preventing from crossing into Rojava. Turkey prevents all but a few mainstream NGOs from crossing the border into Kobanê canton. Everybody else has to cross illegally from Turkey, risking being arrested or even killed by the Turkish military. Others try to cross legally from Iraqi Kurdistan to Rojava's Cizîrê canton. However, ifsomeone wants to cross from Iraqi Kurdistan, they must either have permission from Barzani's office, or they must be carrying a press card. And each journalist can only ever enter Rojava once. It's too difficult for most grassroots political delegations to get into Rojava.


This situation has worsened since Turkey's November election. As Dostar explains:


Many NGOs have tried to come in and have been refused. But they haven't pressured Turkey to try to open a humanitarian corridor to help. Since the election, no NGO has been allowed to enter Kobanê [from the Turkey border]. Even Doctors Without Borders were refused. And no building supplies and cement can come into Kobanê.


Building from the rubble


Spending time in Kobanê, the dust from destroyed buildings and the weapons dropped on them causes us to have problems with our noses and throats, and the skin on our faces to dry up. We chat with doctors from the Heva Sor a Kurd medical association in Kobanê. They tell us how there is a shortage ofmedicines in the city, especially for diabetes, heart disease and cancer.


Illnesses are mostly coming from the weapons of the war. Skin diseases and nervous conditions have appeared since the war. The illnesses increase day by day when people return back to Kobanê, and some people bring diseases with them from refugee camps. Another reason for the spread ofdisease is because ofthe dead bodies ofISIS fighters that have been trapped under the rubble. When children play on the ground [in the rubble ofthe city] they pick up bacteria on their fingers and then touch their faces. The diseases are also spread by small animals.


People ofKobanê are calling for a 'humanitarian corridor' in order for materials, medicines and experts to be able to enter into Rojava. Dostar tells us that this corridor can happen in three different ways: through the land borders with Turkey or with Iraqi Kurdistan, or by flying people and materials into Kobanê.


Children wave an Öcalan flag at a demonstration in Kobanê against Turkey's curfews across the border. The demonstration also paid respect to those killed in the Paris bombings, and denounced Turkey's role in supporting ISIS. Photo by Brighton Kurdish Solidarity, November 2015.


Despite the lack ofoutside help, people have been working hard to make the city livable again. The people ofKobanê are busy rebuilding their own houses and the reconstruction board has developed a new water system for the city, as Dostar informs us:


Before ISIS took over, the city relied on the Firat [Euphrates] river for drinking water but ISIS destroyed this supply. As an alternative the municipality has made a depot in which chlorine is added and then pumped to the city. Fifteen wells have also been dug in the city so the water is already purified. From these fifteen wells, we provided water for the rest ofthe city. It took us three months and one million dollars. This is a huge amount ofmoney for us.


We are also told about the construction ofa brick and gravel factory in Kobanê. Once completed, local people will be able to buy reconstruction materials at 30\% ofthe normal price. Dostar tells us that petrol is also subsidised, and that bread is distributed throughout the city on three shifts each day. The agricultural board has also set up a new co-operative where 1,400 sheep have been distributed to the poorest families in the community. These families are encouraged to live from the sheep’s milk. Any new lambs are sent back into the cooperative and distributed to other families. Lastly, we are told about a women's sewing centre initiative, which has been set up to enable women to become financially independent. Despite a lack ofresources, the people ofKobanê are doing their best to rebuild their lives, and are doing so in the democratic and egalitarian spirit that has characterised the revolution in Rojava. Yet international solidarity is needed.


For ideas ofwhat you can do to support Kobanê, go to the Solidarity with Kobanê section on p224.


[image]

\section{the rojava revolution \& the islamic state:}

\section{a clash of ideologies in syria}


byantonymartin


[image]


Providing one has the correct papers to travel, the 300 kilometre journey from the Syrian city ofQamişlo to Kobanê is a straightforward af air: a straight drive past the villages and wheat fields ofSyria’s breadbasket, along a road that hardly ever loses sight ofTurkey on the far side ofthe border. The papers are provided by the Asayîş, the local security militia, and it is this same force that guards the checkpoints that interrupt what would otherwise be an uneventful journey.


But as the villages' damaged structures and bullet holes can testify, this was not always the case. Until June 2015, these roads, these fields, and the hundreds ofvillages dotted around them were under the rule ofthe modern age's self-declared Caliphate - the Islamic State, known to many as ISIS, ISIL or Daesh. Now they are governed as part of the 'Democratic SelfAdministrations' of Rojava. Rojava is the name ofWest (Syrian) Kurdistan. Today it is also the name given to northern Syria's mostly Kurdish autonomous region, and to the revolution that is taking place there. That revolution is led by the PYD - the Democratic Union Party, which is a part ofthe same movement as the PKK - Kurdistan Workers' Party. The People's Protection Units and The Women's Protection Units (known by their Kurmanji acronyms, YPG and YPJ) together with the internal security militia, the Asayîş, are the main military forces ofRojava and are the vanguard ofits revolution.


By September 2014 the Islamic State controlled the territories between two of Rojava's selfdeclared autonomous cantons, and were besieging and advancing upon them. In Kobanê, IS forces had penetrated deep into the heart ofthe city, causing a mass exodus ofthe city's population to the refugee camps. Kobanê was predicted to become another conquest ofthe Islamic State.


But the Islamic State was defeated in Kobanê; from the air by the US Air Force, and on the ground by the YPG and YPJ. The Islamic State's rout at Kobanê in January 2015 marked the high watermark oftheir lightning offensive which began with the capture ofMosul almost six months before. Despite advances elsewhere, the Islamic


State has been in retreat in the north of Syria. They are fleeing the forces ofthe YPG\Slash{}J.


On June the 13th 2015, YPG\Slash{}J and allied forces liberated Tel Abyad, IS' stronghold between Qamişlo and Kobanê, and since then have cleared the area ofIslamic State fighters, linking up two ofthe separated cantons ofRojava and dramatically expanding its territory. Now the Rojava autonomous region is home to nearly 5 million people and covers an area larger than Lebanon.


The Rojava revolution is a double revolution. An armed group has moved into a power vacuum and established a provisional government complete with new flags, new military and police forces and a new administration. This is the most visible, yet least profound, part ofthe revolution. More importantly, there is a fundamental change in culture that is occurring in society that is radically transforming peoples’ consciousness. It is this latter part that is perhaps both the most interesting and the most surprising development to come out ofthe Syrian civil war.


Looked at dispassionately, it could be said that the Syrian civil war has produced not one but two revolutionary states; the Democratic Administrations ofRojava, and the Islamic State. Many would disagree with


these statements, not least by many ofthe supporters ofthese two entities. Supporters ofthe Rojava administration would disagree that they are a state, and supporters ofthe Islamic State would disagree that they are revolutionary. But nevertheless the two organisations have both captured and successfully held on to the monopoly of power within large, 'country-sized' territories, along with cities, industries and military installations. And there is no doubt that society has been transformed within those boundaries.


The two organisations are almost diametrically opposed: Rojava, the democratic, feminist, egalitarian, ecological experiment in diversity and localism, versus the Islamic State, the caliphate ruled directly by the supposed descendant ofthe Prophet’s family in strict accordance with the literal word of God: it is reactionary, totalitarian, patriarchal, and intolerant of others to the point ofjustifying the genocide and enslavement of minorities.


But yet, at the same time their origins and the manner in which they exploded into the Syrian conflict bear uncanny similarities. And neither organisation is, strictly speaking, native to Syria.


Before the organisation branded itselfas the Islamic State, even before it branched out from Iraq and called itselfthe Islamic State ofIraq and Syria, it was known as the Islamic State ofIraq. Iraq is the birthplace


ofthe Islamic State, and Iraq is the Islamic State’s power base. The Islamic State ofIraq (and thus ISIS) was the result ofIraq’s many years ofUS inflicted catastrophe. Prior to the US-UK invasion and occupation, the Iraqi Ba’ath Party and the radical Salafi Islamist movement had been mortal enemies. But politics make strange bedfellows, and the necessity ofhaving to unite to fight the United States and its Shia- led puppet government pushed the two movements together. At the beginning of the insurgency the majority ofattacks were carried out by former Iraqi security personnel who were still loyal to Saddam Hussein’s regime, yet the United States propaganda organs insisted on placing much ofthe blame on (the at the time virtually non-existent) Al Qaeda in Iraq. Al Qaeda’s uncompromising ideology had little appeal to secular-leaning Iraqis, until it appeared that Al Qaeda was leading the resistance. During the long, bloody years of war and insurgency Iraq became the crucible in which the remnants ofthe Ba’athist police-state fused with the jihadists’ ultra conservative millenarian ideology to create a movement that was both ruthless in its pursuit ofpower and utterly certain in its religious zeal. As a result ofyears fighting the most powerful army in the world, this organisation boasted some ofthe best guerilla fighters and strategists in the world.


The Islamic State ofIraq was presumed to have been defeated during the ‘Sunni Awakening’ of2007-8, when a combination ofnon-Al Qaeda insurgents and the US military briefly allied against Al Qaeda in Iraq, in response to the declaration ofthe Islamic State ofIraq and the associated brutality oftheir briefbut bloody reign over


much ofIraq’s Anbar province. But the core ofAl Qaeda in Iraq\Slash{}the Islamic State ofIraq survived, and eventually thrived by inserting itselfinto Syria’s civil war.


When the Islamic State captured Mosul, along with approximately one third ofIraq during their June 2014 jihadist blitzkrieg, the world was shocked. But the bloody rise ofthe Islamic State was only the most visible moment in a cataclysmic process that the US government unwittingly triggered with the 2003 invasion.


Over the border in south-eastern Turkey, while Iraqis faced war, defeat, sanctions, invasion, occupation and the insurgency which helped create ISIS, the armed left- wing Kurdish movement - based in Turkey and led by the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (the PKK) - was engaged in a life and death struggle oftheir own against the Turkish state. Pro-PKK Kurds proudly boast ofthirty years ofarmed struggle against the Turkish state, and with good reason: away from the attention ofa world press obsessed with Saddam’s crimes against the Kurds, the Turkish state had during the 1990s engaged in a brutal campaign ofcounter-insurgency that used ethnic cleansing both as a tactic and objective. Some 30–40 thousand Kurds were killed, and many millions were forced from their homes and into the ever-growing slums ofsouth-eastern Turkey\Slash{}north Kurdistan.


Despite the mass killings and atrocities committed by the Turkish state, and the mobilisation ofvirtually the entire country’s military resources against them, and even despite the capture ofthe PKK’s leader, Abdullah Öcalan, the PKK not only remained undefeated but rose to become


the voice ofthe Kurdish national movement, both in Turkey and beyond. Additionally, decades ofwar against NATO’s second largest army had honed them into one ofthe world’s most disciplined and formidable guerilla organisations.


The capture ofÖcalan caused a fundamental shift in the PKK. After his capture a ceasefire was quickly declared, and during his trial Öcalan renounced his support for a separate Kurdish state. PKK fighters retreated from Turkey to bases in the Qandil Mountains, Iraq. The PKK was widely considered to be a spent force.


Yet these turned out to be symptoms ofa much more fundamental shift in the PKK’s ideology and their ultimate goal. Öcalan sought to avoid the mistakes that so many national liberation movements and Marxist-Leninist political parties had made. Seeking answers to the question of liberation ofoppressed peoples in the post- Soviet era, Abdullah Öcalan discovered the ideas ofthe US ecologist and new anarchist writer, Murray Bookchin. Within Bookchin’s writings, Öcalan and the PKK believed that they had discovered the solution to both the Kurdish ‘national question’ and a new framework for the radical left. Through a programme ofdirect democracy and local autonomy the PKK could remain legally within the Turkish state whilst safeguarding Kurdish rights to land, language and culture. This came at a high cost to the movement, the renunciation ofthe long held dream ofa Kurdish nation state threatened to split the PKK and the Kurdish movement irrevocably. But the loyalty ofthe party and the semi-divine status of‘Apo’ (Öcalan) won out and the PKK and its allied organisations


adapted to the post-nationalist reorientation ofthe erstwhile national liberation movement. Ironically, it was the discipline ofthe Kurdistan Workers' Party that enabled it to jettison orthodox Marxism and embrace radical direct democracy.


Despite the costs, the reformed PKK and its associated radical Kurdish organisations discovered several important advantages to their new political orientation. Firstly, it meant that the legal Kurdish parties (the HDP and its antecedents) became not only the voice ofKurdish rights but also appealed to non-Kurdish radical left and social progressives throughout Turkey, including ethnic Turks, who supported the party because ofits support for feminism and LGBT rights, not to mention its demand for fundamental change to the Turkish state and society. The new Kurdish movement appealed to those who did not fit it in a Turkish state designed only to accommodate pro-business, conservative, Sunni ethnic Turks. It was this alliance of Kurds and progressives that helped propel the HPD into the Turkish parliament for the first time in June 2015. Regardless ofits form, whether PKK, the HDP or both or neither, the democratic Kurdish movement has become Turkey’s de-facto defender of minority rights. The movement has formally apologised for the Kurds’ role in the Armenian genocide, and have enacted projects and policies aimed at supporting the rights ofnon-Kurdish minorities.


Crucially, the Kurdish movement’s ‘post- nationalism’ has facilitated its entry and its successes in the Syrian civil war. When the Syrian army and the Syrian Ba’ath Party’s police-state apparatus voluntarily abandoned majority Kurdish northern Syria


to concentrate on fighting rebels in the Syrian heartland ofDamascus, Aleppo and Homs, the PYD (the PKK’s Syrian affiliate) was able to use its democratic confederalist ideology to build a functioning administration within its autonomous region that was effectively free from the control ofthe Syrian Arab Republic. This happened without the need to declare either independence or a future wish for independence, but instead as a simple confederation of‘Democratic Self- Administrations’ within Syria, informally known as Rojava. This ideological sleight of hand enabled the PYD and its militias, the YPG and YPJ, to mostly avoid direct conflict with the Syrian Regime. Not only this, but, as in Turkey, the Syrian Kurdish movement’s radical approach to democracy has opened a space for the genuine participation ofnon-Kurds within Rojava. Syriacs (Syria’s ancient Aramaic-speaking Christian population), Arabs, Armenians and Turkmens have guaranteed representation and cultural autonomy within Kurdish majority Rojava. In Rojavan schools there are plans for Kurdish children to be taught Arabic as a second language, and Arab children to be taught Kurdish as a second language. Syriac (Aramaic) also has the status ofan ‘official’ language. This opens up the possibility for the ‘Kurdish’ movement to become a genuinely universal movement, open to the participation of everyone, and for the Rojava model of democratic confederalism to spread beyond its original Kurdish base to become a potential template for a future Syria.


Thus, the two most radical systems competing for dominance in Syria today are held by two ofthe most organised and successful armed groups in the world. Both the Islamic State and Abdullah Öcalan's


radical Kurdish movement came ofage during bloody protracted insurgencies outside ofSyria, yet each has exploited the chaos ofthe war to begin their social experiments within that country's territory. And neither ideology is very concerned about formal borders between nation states.


The war between the Islamic State and Rojava has a distinct dualist quality about it. Both gain their strengths from their ideologies; their soldiers (and indeed many oftheir citizens and supporters) are willing to die for their beliefs. The institutions of the mosques and Koranic schools helped mould the Islamic State's fighters and suicide bombers into fearless warriors who are not only not afraid ofdeath, but actively seek death in jihad as a direct route to heaven.


Meanwhile, the Rojava militias include not only the YPG (People's Defence Units) but also the YPJ (Women's Defence Units). The Kurdish movement's embrace offeminism has effectively doubled their pool of


potential recruits, just as their philosophy of championing minority rights has facilitated the creation ofSyriac militias, Yazidi militias, and the ethnically mixed Arab- Kurdish Syrian Defence Forces.


Thus the battles between the two, first at Kobanê and then the push south toward the Islamic State's de facto capital in Raqqa, represent more than a battle between rival factions, but a genuine struggle of ideologies for dominance in Syria. It was not so long ago that radical ideologies were considered to be something ofa throwback in the post-Soviet world. But, pushed to the world's margins, in the mountains, the deserts and the slums, radical movements with diverse ideologies are challenging a visibly collapsing global system. In Syria a radical feminist direct democracy is confronting a radical Islamic theocracy.


Neither movement originated in Syria, but both have made it their battleground. Both movements aim not just to control Syria, but to change the world.


The YPJ at International Women's Day in March 2016. Photo by Jo Magpie.


[image]

\section{arms companies}


In this chapter we have included two company profiles ofTurkish arms companies, as well as profiles oftwo ofinternational arms companies involved in the sale ofarms to Turkey. There are also some shorter summaries ofother Turkish arms companies and companies supplying weapons to Turkey.


Today, Turkey continues its brutality in its war against its Kurdish population. With Kurdish citizens dying daily, it is essential to campaign against arms sales to Turkey.


According to Campaign Against Arms Trade, the UK approved £800 million ofweapons exports to Turkey in 2015, including components for military combat vehicles, helicopters, drones and missiles.1


The UK government identified Turkey as a 'priority market' for UK arms exports in 2015.2 The purchasing ofweapons from Turkish military companies supports Turkish militarism, too, so it's important to oppose arms sales both to and from Turkey.


The government ofTurkey is aiming to produce all oftheir military equipment within the country, and increase their arms exports to their allies. During the 2015 Turkish election campaign, The AKP boasted that Turkey is striving to produce all ofits military equipment, with massive posters on the streets proclaiming, 'We're making our own warplanes' and 'We're making our own tanks'.


Above: Turkish military police vehicles on the outskirts ofCizîr, July 2015. Photo by Corporate Watch.


Previous page: a) A tank leaving the city ofFarqîn after police and military bombardment ofneighbourhoods in 2015. Photo provided by friends in Farqîn, 2015.


1. Protesters demonstrating outside the South Korean Korean company Daekwang supplies teargas to the Turkish police. Photo by CAAT.


1. Artists subvertise adverts on the tube during the DSEI arms fair in London, Photo by CAAT.


196


President Tayyip Erdoğan stated: "Our goal is to completely rid our defence industry offoreign dependency by 2023." Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu also said in January 2015: "Now we have a Turkey that won’t bow to others with its own national defence industry. This is the new Turkey.” 3


The DSEI arms fair in london


The DSEI arms fair is one ofthe world's largest arms fairs, held in east London every two years. In September 2015, DSEI welcomed Turkish officials and military companies, whilst the Turkish government's Defence and Aerospace Industry Exporter's Association (SSI) was its 'International Partner'. SSI chairman LatifAral Aliş stated:


A country’s development can be associated with the development ofits defence industry. We identified our export target as 25 billion USD for year 2023 which is the 100th anniversary ofthe establishment of the Turkish Republic. We desire to take [a] place at the top 10 of[the] world defence industry. 4


During the DSEI arms fair in 2013, senior UK Trade and Investment officials held two private meetings with the Turkish delegation to discuss arms exports.5


activists againstthe arms trade


Anti-militarist activists in the UK have been taking action against atrocities carried out by states such as Turkey. In September 2015, campaigners held five days ofblockades ofthe DSEI arms fair, aimed at preventing the setting up ofthe arms fair. In March 2016, activists occupied the roofand blockaded the DPRTE arms fair in Wales, where several companies that sell weapons to Turkey were exhibiting.6 Earlier this year, a protest was held outside the Home Office against the 'Security and Policing' arms fair, which was being held at an air base in Farnborough.7


During April 2016, eight anti-arms trade activists, who had been charged with blocking the roads leading to the DSEI arms fair, were found not guilty. The judge found that they had acted to prevent war crimes and therefore had a lawful excuse for their actions. One defendant gave evidence that she had taken action after she had visited Bakur and seen the effects ofTurkey's attacks on its population firsthand. She stated that she wanted to prevent arms deals from being done with Turkey.

\section{arms companyprofile: otokar}


Otokar manufactures Akrep and Cobra armoured vehicles used by the Turkish police and army, which can be seen daily on the streets of Kurdish cities. Akrep and Cobra vehicles are used in the suppression ofprotest and in the attacks being waged on Kurdish towns.


Otokar produces tanks, armoured vehicles, gun turret mounting systems and 4-wheel drive military vehicles.8 The company boasts that it has the capacity to manufacture 11,600 combat vehicles per year.9


Otokar also produces buses for non-military use and is the biggest bus manufacturer in Turkey. The company is focusing on the UK and the rest ofEurope as target markets. Otokar's regional manager ofsales ofcommercial vehicles, Sarp Alagölem, stated in an interview with a Polish trade publication:“In general, the countries ofwestern Europe are very important and represent for us an important market.” Alagölem went on to try to use Otokar's military experience as a selling point for its non-military buses:“We have buses and vehicle production for military use - so we use the highest production regimes.”10 The company has recently supplied buses for public use in Malta.11 It has also supplied public buses for use in France, Italy, Germany and Spain.


Otokar promotes itselfat various exhibitions, including the Warsaw Bus Expo12 and the Eurobus Expo, held in Birmingham.13


Koç group, Otokar's parent group, has become one ofthe many companies taken on by Turkey's ruling AKP party for its political stance. Koç has been accused by president Erdoğan oforchestrating the 1997 military coup in Turkey. More recently, a hotel owned by the group apparently sheltered participants in the 2013 Gezi Park uprising against Erdoğan's governmnet. This is ironic, as Otokar's vehicles were involved in the repression ofthe protests. As a result, Erdoğan has made sure that the company has lost several government contracts.14


However, Otokar appears to be building bridges with the AKP, obtaining a contract for the design ofthe new Turkish battle-tank, the Altay.15 The company is now tendering for the


Above: An Otokar Akrep. Previous page: Activists blocking the entrance to DSEI arms fair in London in 2015 by locking themselves to each other using arm tubes. Photo by CAAT.


production ofthe tank too. Company chairman Ali Koç said in April 2016: “The mass production ofthe Altay tank is among the main agenda items in Otokar’s future goals,” and that the company is “ready for the job with\dots{}our passion to serve the best for our country.”16


Relationship with Land Rover


The Land Rover Defender vehicle is produced under license by Otokar, and Otokar's Akrep jeep is based on Land Rover Defender vehicles.


otokar basic information


Revenue: \$0.5 billion (2015)17


Profit: \$28.6 million (2015)18


Ownership: 45\% Owned by Koç Holding, Turkey's largest holding company. 25\% owned by Ünver Holding 19


Founded in: 1963


Traded on: Koç Holding is traded on the Istanbul Stock Exchange


International Presence: Otokar products are used in 60 countries


Number ofemployees: 2,300 European address:


Otokar Europe SAS, 24-26 Rue Du Noyer


Parc Les Scientifiques de Roissy Lot A-3 95700


Roissy en France FRANCE


+33 (0) 1 34 38 76 76


Participation in arms fairs: Otokar was an exhibitor at the DSEI 2015 arms fair in east London


Website: \href{http://www.otokar.com.tr/}{www.otokar.com.tr}


[image]

\section{Arms companyprofile: aselsan}


Aselsan is a Turkish company that produces firing platforms for artillery, naval systems, automated weapons systems, military radios, autonomous ground systems, avionics systems for


military aircraft, surveillance systems and civilian electronic systems for transport, including road traf ic toll systems. Aselsan is 62nd in Defense News' 'World's Top 100 Defense Giants'. It is also helping to develop the Turkish Altay battle tank.21


During our interviews with Kurdish political prisoners and their lawyers, we were told that Aselsan produces CCTV systems used in the Turkish prison system. Aselsan also markets security systems for borders and oil pipelines.22


Aselsan is 84.5\% owned by the Turkish Armed Forces Foundation (TAFF). TAFF was established by the Turkish Ministry ofIndustry and Technology in 1973 to reduce the Turkish military's reliance on foreign imports ofarms.23 TAFF's board oftrustees include the Minister ofNational Defence and the Deputy Chiefofthe General Staff.24


Exports accounted for 22\% ofthe company's sales in 2014, exporting to 60 countries. It is looking to increase its export market.25 Aselsan, like other Turkish arms companies, has tried to bolster its foreign sales by using the Turkish military's repression ofmovements for autonomy in Kurdistan as a marketing tool. During the 2016 Counter Terror Expo in London, Nazim Altintas, a retired lieutenant general and current director ofAselsan, told trade press that: “We are a country that has endured terrorism for a long time\dots{} Inventions are born out of requirements. And we frequently feel the requirement.”26 Doğan Coskun, country manager for Aselsan, was asked at the same event by Middle East Eye whether the current climate offear in Europe and the wider world had been positive for the industry. He said: “We wouldn't say positive, I don't know - we prefer negatively so we don't have these bombs against us\dots{} But in the business case, yes." 27


Collaboration with universities


Aselsan has collaborations with 24 universities including Ankara's Bilkent University. Dr Hasan Canpolat, chairman ofAselsan's board ofdirectors, writes that:“We consider universities as our inherent business partners”. The company's annual report states that universities “increasingly contribute to the industry’s technology development activities." 28

\section{aselsan basic information}


Traded on: Istanbul Stock Exchange


Ownership: 84.5\% owned by the Turkish Armed Forces Foundation, 15.3\% traded on the Istanbul Stock Exchange, 0.12\% owned by Axa Insurance Plc 29


Revenue: \$1.1 billion Founded in: 1975


Headquarters: Ankara, Turkey Number ofemployees: 4,618 30


Subsidiaries include: MIKES Microwave Electronic Systems (100\% ofshares), Roketsan (14.8\%) 31


International presence: Subsidiaries in Kazakhstan, South Africa, Azerbaijan, Jordan and Abu Dhabi. Exported to 60 countries in 2014


Participation in arms fairs: DSEI 2015 (London), Counter Terror 2016 (London) regular participant in Istanbul's IDEF arms fair 32


Website: aselsan.com.tr


[image]


Protesters marched to the DSEI arms fair in London in 2015 to demonstrate against Turkey's violent curfews in Kurdish cities. The Exporters' Association ofTurkey sponsored the arms fair, promoting arms companies such as Aselsan. Demonstrators also protested Turkey's apparent complicity in assisting Daesh.

\section{IN BRIEF: More Turkish arms companies}


Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) and TUSAŞ (TEI): Located in Ankara, TAI produces F16 jets in collaboration with Lockheed Martin, as well as helicopters, and drones for both attack and surveillance. It is ranked 78th in Defense News' 'World's Top 100 Defense Giants'.33 TAI and TEI are currently producing the new Turkish TFX twin engine fighter jet which will work alongside F35 jets. The Turkish Air Force is planning to buy over 250 TFX jets, which it intends to introduce in 2025. Since it renewed its attacks on Kurdish guerillas and civilians in 2015, Turkey stated that it will buy 30 new drones, 15 ofwhich will come from TAI. The other 15 will come from Turkish company Baykar Makina. The Turkish police stated that they are "to be used against rising terror attacks".34


Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) unveiled its new Anka Block A unpiloted drone in February 2016. Turkish Deputy Defence Minister Suay Alpay stated: “We are now engaged in a critical anti-terror fight\dots{}These assets built by the local industry will augment our fight.”35


BMC: A Turkish company, it provides Turkey's military with Kirpi vehicles (MRAP) which withstand improvised explosive device (IED) attacks. Turkey is currently considering buying more Kirpi armoured vehicles to help in its current attacks on its Kurdish population.36 The company also manufactures buses for non-military use. BMC was closed in 2013 due to debts owed by its parent company. It has been purchased by Ethem Sancak, a businessman close to president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, through his investment fund. BMC buses are distributed in the UK through Pelican Yutong, based in Castleford, West Yorkshire.37


Roketsan: Major Turkish weapons manfacturer. It is best known for its vast range of unguided rockets as well as laser and infrared guided missiles. It supplies the Turkish armed forces. Roketsan is working with Lockheed Martin on the development ofcruise missiles for the F35 aircraft. The deal with Lockheed was made at DSEI arms fair in London in 2015. It is also helping to develop the Turkish Altay battle tank.


MKEK: Turkish government-owned corporation. Supplies the Turkish armed forces and produces ammunition, rockets and explosives. It is currently developing the gun for the Turkish Altay battle tank. MKEK has also produced the MPT rifle. The Turkish Armed Forces eventually plan on buying up to 500,000 rifles, making the MPT its main service and combat rifle for the Turkish Army.38


Havelsan: Another Turkish government-owned corporation. Produces military software, surveillance and intelligence systems.

\section{international arms company profile: lockheed mar tin}


Lockheed Martin is the largest arms contractor in the world, created by a 1995 merger of Lockheed Corporation and Martin Marietta.


Lockheed manufactures military aircraft including the F16 and F35 warplanes, missiles, gunships, radar, weapons control systems, satellites and spacecraft.

\section{Arms to Turkey}


Lockheed manufactures the F16s used by Turkey in partnership with Turkish Aerospace Industries. F16s were used in the Roboski massacre in 2011, where 34 people who were engaged in cross border trading were killed by Turkish F16s. The victims were mostly teenagers. Lockheed also supplies Hellfire missiles. According to Rick Edwards, executive vice president of Lockheed Martin, the company has “a long history ofpartnership with the Republic of Turkey." 39


In January 2015 the Turkish military ordered four F35 Lockheed Martin fighter


jets, in addition to those it had already ordered. Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu said. "It is planned that Turkey will buy 100 F35 warplanes in the project. We previously ordered two in this framework. We have now decided to order four more.”40 Lockheed states that their \$399 billion F35 project is the “world's most expensive weapons programme.”41 Turkish arms companies, which are manufacturing components for the F-35, are also making billions from the contract.42


In September 2015, Lockheed announced that it was producing and supplying Turkey with a “next-generation, air-to-surface standoff cruise missile for the F35 fighter jet,” partnering with Turkish arms company Roketsan. The deal was done at the DSEI arms fair in London. The companies stated that they would provide “live flight testing on Turkish F- 16s.” 43


Meanwhile, Turkish warplanes are continuing their ongoing attacks on Kurdish villages in the Qandil region of Iraqi Kurdistan,44 where the PKK has its main bases. Arms industry website Janes stated that on March 14 2016 “nine Lockheed


Above: Artists subvertise London tube posters during DSEI arms fair in 2015. Photo by CAAT.


Martin F16 Fighting Falcons and two McDonald Douglas F-4 2020 Phantom aircraft were involved in the strikes against the PKK's main headquarters area in the Qandil Mountains.”45 In reality, the fighter jets, accompanied by drones, destroyed Kurdish villagers' houses during the bombardments.46 Lockheed


Martin and the Turkish government's cozy relationship continues, and on the March 15 2016, the two were in talks, discussing the possibility ofthe arms company providing Turkey with an “urgent” Medium Extended Air Defence System (MEADS).47


lockheed martin basic information


Traded on: New York Stock Exchange Revenue: \$46 billion (2015)


Profit: \$3.6 billion (2015) Founded in: 1995


Headquarters: Bethesda, Maryland (US)


Number ofemployees: 126,000


Subsidiaries include: Sandia Corporation, Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation


International presence: Global


Address in the UK: Lockheed Martin UK Cunard House


15 Lower Regent Street London


SW1Y 4LR


Participation in arms fairs: Regular participant at DSEI (London, UK), Eurosatory (Paris, France), Farnborough Airshow (UK), Singapore Airshow (Singapore), DPRTE (Cardiff, UK), IDEF (Istanbul, Turkey).


Website: lockheedmartin.com


[image]

\section{international arms company profile: BAE systems}


The world's 3rd largest arms producer, and the UK's largest arms company. 94\% ofBAE's business is military, ranging from war planes and warships to tanks, missiles and combat vehicles.


Weapons supplied by BAE are being used in conflicts worldwide. For example, BAE's warplanes have recently played a leading role in Saudi attacks on Yemen. According to CAAT, BAE's three largest markets are the US (with sales of£6.4 billion in 2015), the UK (£4.0 billion) and Saudi Arabia (£3.8 billion).49


BAE and Turkey


The company is looking to enlarge its investments in the Turkish arms sector. BAE is an exporter ofarms to Turkey and owns 49\% ofthe shares in two Turkish companies: Nurol BAE Systems Air Systems and FNSS Defence Systems.


In January 2016, Turkish company Nurol and BAE formed a new company, Nurol BAE Systems Air Systems,50 with BAE owning 49\% ofthe shares and Nurol owning 51\%. 51 According to Nurol's website the company will be working on: “avionics software, electro optics, development-manufacture ofavionics products and focused on design and software\dots{} enlargement by buying companies is also among the planning.”


BAE and Nurol also own another Turkish company: FNSS Defence Systems. According to its website: “FNSS is a leading manufacturer and supplier oftracked and wheeled armoured combat vehicles and weapon systems for the Turkish and Allied Armed Forces”. FNSS is also producing vehicles for export to Malaysia and Saudi Arabia.52 The company's vision is to “become the number one supplier ofland combat system solutions for the Turkish Armed Forces and preferred local supplier for other armed forces worldwide.” 53 FNSS produces Tracked Armoured Combat Vehicles (ACV-15) with the capability to have guns mounted on them in various configurations.


According to the company website, “ACVs manufactured by FNSS have been used for thousands of


kilometres by Turkish and UAE army contingencies serving with the United Nations Peacekeeping Forces in Somalia, Bosnia \&Herzegovina, Kosovo and Afghanistan.”54


The company has been supplying military vehicles to the Turkish armed forces since 1991. In 2012 and 2013 the company delivered amphibious combat vehicles to the Turkish military.55 In 2004, BAE won a \$100 million contract to work on an 'integrated electronic self-protection system' for Turkish F16s with Turkish companies, MIKES and Aselsan.56 In 2015, BAE won a contract with Turkey’s Undersecretariat ofDefence Industries (SSM) to assist with the design ofTurkey's next generation fighter plane, the TFX fighter.57 It also secured a deal, in partnership with Turkish company Fotonics, to supply display systems for the Turkish Air Force's new trainer aircraft.58


Involvement in education


BAE has developed its PR machine far beyond the traditional careers fair stall and occasional brochure. It has formed partnerships with a number ofuniversities in the UK and is part ofa scheme between arms companies and the UK government to fund engineering masters degrees to provide the skills needed for the arms trade. Some ofthe universities which are potential recipients offunding from BAE are Bath, Bristol, City University London, Cranfield, Manchester, Loughborough, Glasgow, Sheffield and Swansea. BAE also sends many ofits young engineers back into secondary schools to extol the benefits ofa career with BAE.


UK universities also invest heavily in arms companies such as BAE. CAAT provides resources to people campaigning against university links to the arms trade. For more information, go to universities.caat.org.uk


bae basic information


Founded in: 1999


Headquarters: London and Farnborough (UK)


Revenue: £17.9 billion (2015) Profit: £0.9 billion (2015) Number ofemployees: 84,600


33,800 in the UK, 29,600 in the US, 5,700 in Saudi Arabia, 3,500 in Australia, and 9,900 in other countries 59


Global presence: Customers in over 100


countries


Address in the UK:


Ownership ofTurkish Companies: Nurol BAE Systems Air Systems (49\%),


FNSS Defence Systems (49\%) - both based in Ankara


Participation in arms fairs: Regular participant at DSEI (London), Eurosatory (Paris), Farnborough Airshow (UK), Singapore Airshow, DPRTE (Cardiff, UK), IDEF (Istanbul, Turkey)


A full list ofBAE's addresses in the UK can be found on the Campaign Against the Arms Trade (CAAT) website at \href{http://www.caat.org.uk/resources/mapping/organisation/416}{www.caat.org.uk\Slash{}resources\Slash{}mapping\Slash{}organisation\Slash{}416}


Website: baesystems.com


Previous page: Artistic activists subvertise adverts on the tube in London during the 2015 DSEI arms fair. Photo by CAAT.


Resistance


Anti-militarists target BAE's annual general meeting annually, buying proxy shares and asking awkward questions. In May 2016, the AGM was dominated by questions from over 30 anti-militarist activists. Some people were carried out ofthe AGM for holding placards. AGM organisers had to resort to switching of microphones to stop protesters from asking questions about the ethics ofthe company. There has also been a long running campaign to kick BAE of university campuses in the UK.60 Protests like these are an opportunity to challenge BAE's complicity in Turkish repression ofKurdish people, and to network with and involve Kurdish activists.


A map ofuniversity careers fairs that BAE is expected to attend this year can be found at https:\Slash{}\Slash{}universities.caat.org.uk\Slash{}campaigns\Slash{}ban-bae\Slash{}


Kurdish activists and their supporters demonstrated outside the DSEI arms fair at the Excel Centre in London, September 2015. They stood at the Royal Victoria dock whilst delegates from the arms fair watched a waterbourne display ofmilitary ships. The demonstration then moved to the west gate ofthe arms fair, where activists confronted the arms dealers. Photo provided by CAAT.

\section{IN BRIEF: Some of the international arms Companies supplying weapons to the Turkish military}


Boeing: The second largest arms company in the world, Boeing is supplying the Turkish military with new CH-47 Chinook helicopters.


Land Rover: UK company now owned by TaTa motors – based in Coventry. Land Rover has a strong relationship with Warwick University and Coventry University. The Land Rover Defender is produced under license by Otokar. Otokar's Akrep is based on Land Rover Defender vehicles.


Non-Lethal Technologies: US company which manufactures teargas used by Turkey. Its teargas has also been used against protesters in Palestine. Non-Lethal Technologies gas was fired at protesters during the Gezi Park uprising and at protesters in Amed during the serhildan (uprising) against Turkey's support for the Daesh attacks on Kobanê in 2014.


Condor Non-Lethal Technologies: Brazilian company that manufactures teargas used by Turkey. Condor's gas canisters were fired at people who had come to Suruç in 2014 to show solidarity with people under attack in Kobanê.


Israel Aerospace Industries: Manufactures Heron drones used by Turkey.


Northrop Grumman: Northrop Grumman states that it is "in partnership with Turkish Aerospace Industries and Aselsan in contributing to a variety ofTurkey’s defence capabilities and programmes." 61 Northrop Grumman is a principal subcontractor ofthe Lockheed Martin-led F35 team.


AgustaWestland: Ten T-129 attack helicopters produced by AgustaWestland and Turkish Aerospace Industries were delivered to the Turkish military in 2015. AgustaWestland has now fully merged with Italian arms giant Finmeccanica. Seventeen more ofthese helicopters are due to be delivered in 2016. 62


In March 2016, the Pentagon authorised the selling ofsmart bombs to Turkey, in a deal worth millions ofdollars."The deal came timely as we are deeply engaged in asymmetrical warfare and need smart bombs," 63 a Turkish military official said. US companies ENF and General Dynamics have been awarded the contracts to provide the BLU-109 bombs.

\section{arms companies supplying the Turkish police}


Hundreds ofpeople have been killed by the Turkish police and military in Bakur over the last year. While people around the world watch the actions ofthe Turkish police force with horror, military companies are cashing in.


In October 2015, Hacı Lokman Birlik was killed by police in Şırnak. His body was attached by the neck to an armoured vehicle and dragged through the town.64 That same month, police shot and killed a nine year old child, Helin Şen, in Amed. In Gever, two young people were killed after police opened fire on them. A five year old child was also killed in Adana.65 66


Companies providing weapons to the Turkish police force include:


Otokar: Manufactures Akrep and Cobra vehicles used by the police and army. Land Rover: The Land Rover Defender vehicle is produced under license by Otokar.


Nurol Makina: Produces TOMA water cannons and Ejder armoured vehicles used by the Turkish police. Nurol Makina is part ofthe Turkish Nurol Holding conglomerate that also deals in investment, construction, energy and tourism. Nurol Holding owns Sheraton Turkey and FNSS Defence Systems, a joint venture with UK company BAE systems.


BMC: Manufactures Kirpi armoured trucks used by the police. 67


Katmerciler: Turkish company which provides pumps and monitors for TOMA vehicle- mounted water cannons.


Perkins (Subsidiary ofCaterpillar Inc): Provides the engine used in TOMA vehicle-mounted water cannons.68 Perkins has locations in Peterborough, Stafford and Wimborne (Dorset).69 Caterpillar Defence Products applied for a military export license from the UK to Turkey in 2012.70


Non-Lethal Technologies: Manufactures tear gas used by Turkish police.


Condor Non-Lethal Technologies: Brazilian company that manufactures tear gas used by the Turkish police.


Daekwang: South Korean company that has provided tear gas canisters to the Turkish police.


Isuzu: Japanese multinational company headquartered in Tokyo. Its main business is manufacturing and marketing vehicles and engines. Its Turkish subsidiary, Anadolu Isuzu, is owned by Anadolu Group, a holding company which also manages the Migros, McDonalds, Coca-Cola and Efes brands in Turkey.71 Corporate Watch witnessed the Turkish riot police using Isuzu buses to transport officers during the repressive policing ofa demonstration to commemorate the second anniversary ofthe Gezi uprising. Corporate Watch contacted Anadolu Group about their business in Turkey. We received no reply.


Ford: Manufactures Tourneo Courier cars used by the Turkish police. They are assembled in Kocaeli, Turkey, by Ford Otosan. Ford Otosan is jointly owned by Ford Motor Company and Koç Holding. Koç Holding also owns Otokar, the company that manufactures the Akrep armoured vehicle for the Turkish police and army.


Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation (owned by Lockheed Martin): Provides helicopters to the Turkish national police for 'VIP transport'. Sikorsky has an office in Thruxton, UK.72


Turkish Aerospace Industries: Provides flight tests for the Turkish police.


Vestguard UK: This UK company, with offices in Kent and Essex,73 lists Turkey as a client on its website 74 and applied for a military export license to Turkey in 2013.75 It manufactures armoured vests, shields, and communication devices for police forces. Vestguard told Corporate Watch that it could not confirm or deny whether its products were sold to the Turkish police force as its products are distributed via an agent company to customers in Turkey.


[image]


Turkish police posing for a photo in front ofan Isuzu police bus. Photo by Corporate Watch, June 2015.

\section{End notes}


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1. \href{http://investors.baesystems.com/\%7E/media/Files/B/Bae-Systems-Investor-Relations-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}investors.baesystems.com\Slash{}\textasciitilde{}\Slash{}media\Slash{}Files\Slash{}B\Slash{}Bae-Systems-Investor-Relations-} V3\Slash{}Annual\%20Reports\Slash{}annual-report-2015-22032016.pdf, page 171.


1. \href{http://investors.baesystems.com/\%7E/media/Files/B/Bae-Systems-Investor-Relations-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}investors.baesystems.com\Slash{}\textasciitilde{}\Slash{}media\Slash{}Files\Slash{}B\Slash{}Bae-Systems-Investor-Relations-} V3\Slash{}Annual\%20Reports\Slash{}annual-report-2015-22032016.pdf, page 43. Also \href{http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110603005715/en/BAE-Systems-Inc}{www.businesswire.com\Slash{}news\Slash{}home\Slash{}20110603005715\Slash{}en\Slash{}BAE-Systems-Inc.}’s-FNSS-Joint-Venture-Receives


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1. \href{http://www.fnss.com.tr/en/corporate/about-us/company-profile}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.fnss.com.tr\Slash{}en\Slash{}corporate\Slash{}about-us\Slash{}company-profile}


1. \href{http://www.fnss.com.tr/en/corporate/about-us/company-profile}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.fnss.com.tr\Slash{}en\Slash{}corporate\Slash{}about-us\Slash{}company-profile}


1. \href{http://www.theengineer.co.uk/100-million-subcon-contract-for-bae-systems/}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.theengineer.co.uk\Slash{}100-million-subcon-contract-for-bae-systems\Slash{}}


1. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}\href{http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/bae-chosen-to-assist-with-turkeys-tfx-fighter-proje-419695/}{www.flightglobal.com\Slash{}news\Slash{}articles\Slash{}bae-chosen-to-assist-with-turkeys-tfx-fighter-proje-419695\Slash{}}and \href{http://www.janes.com/article/56662/turkey-to-work-with-bae-systems-on-tf-x-fighter-project}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.janes.com\Slash{}article\Slash{}56662\Slash{}turkey-to-work-with-bae-systems-on-tf-x-fighter-project}


1. \href{http://www.janes.com/article/51219/idef-2015-bae-litehud-selected-for-turkey-s-hurkus-trainer}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.janes.com\Slash{}article\Slash{}51219\Slash{}idef-2015-bae-litehud-selected-for-turkey-s-hurkus-trainer}


1. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}\href{http://www.caat.org.uk/resources/companies/bae-systems}{caat.org.uk\Slash{}resources\Slash{}companies\Slash{}bae-systems}


1. For example, https:\Slash{}\Slash{}universities.caat.org.uk\Slash{}warwick-students-shut-down-a-bae-systems-recruitment- event\Slash{}


1. \href{http://www.northropgrumman.com/AboutUs/OurGlobalPresence/Europe/Turkey/Pages/default.aspx}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.northropgrumman.com\Slash{}AboutUs\Slash{}OurGlobalPresence\Slash{}Europe\Slash{}Turkey\Slash{}Pages\Slash{}default.aspx}


1. \href{http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/policy-budget/budget/2016/03/09/turkeys-government-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.defensenews.com\Slash{}story\Slash{}defense\Slash{}policy-budget\Slash{}budget\Slash{}2016\Slash{}03\Slash{}09\Slash{}turkeys-government-} approves-programs-worth-billions\Slash{}81567424\Slash{}


1. \href{http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/policy-budget/industry/2016/02/29/pentagon-awards-contract-}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.defensenews.com\Slash{}story\Slash{}defense\Slash{}policy-budget\Slash{}industry\Slash{}2016\Slash{}02\Slash{}29\Slash{}pentagon-awards-contract-} sell-smart-bombs-turkey\Slash{}81130030\Slash{}


1. \href{http://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/new-terrifying-images-emerge-of-haci-birlik}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}anfenglish.com\Slash{}kurdistan\Slash{}new-terrifying-images-emerge-of-haci-birlik}


1. \href{http://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/another-youth-wounded-by-police-in-gever-dies}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}anfenglish.com\Slash{}kurdistan\Slash{}another-youth-wounded-by-police-in-gever-dies}


1. \href{http://anfenglish.com/news/5-year-old-kid-murdered-by-police-in-adana}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}anfenglish.com\Slash{}news\Slash{}5-year-old-kid-murdered-by-police-in-adana}


1. \href{http://www.cnnturk.com/2012/turkiye/09/18/polisi.de.kirpi.koruyacak/677171.0/}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.cnnturk.com\Slash{}2012\Slash{}turkiye\Slash{}09\Slash{}18\Slash{}polisi.de.kirpi.koruyacak\Slash{}677171.0\Slash{}}


1. \href{http://www.katmerciler.com.tr/L/EN/mid/343/g/343/c/31/id/21/Anti-Riot-Vehicle.htm}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.katmerciler.com.tr\Slash{}L\Slash{}EN\Slash{}mid\Slash{}343\Slash{}g\Slash{}343\Slash{}c\Slash{}31\Slash{}id\Slash{}21\Slash{}Anti-Riot-Vehicle.htm}


1. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}\href{http://www.perkins.com/en\_GB/company/locations/peterborough.html}{www.perkins.com\Slash{}en\_GB\Slash{}company\Slash{}locations\Slash{}peterborough.html,} https:\Slash{}\Slash{}\href{http://www.perkins.com/en\_GB/company/locations/stafford.html}{www.perkins.com\Slash{}en\_GB\Slash{}company\Slash{}locations\Slash{}stafford.html}and https:\Slash{}\Slash{}\href{http://www.perkins.com/en\_GB/company/locations/wimborne.html}{www.perkins.com\Slash{}en\_GB\Slash{}company\Slash{}locations\Slash{}wimborne.html}


1. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}\href{http://www.caat.org.uk/resources/mapping/organisation-tag/526}{caat.org.uk\Slash{}resources\Slash{}mapping\Slash{}organisation-tag\Slash{}526}


1. \href{http://www.anadolugrubu.com.tr/GroupCompanies/7/103/automotive-group}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.anadolugrubu.com.tr\Slash{}GroupCompanies\Slash{}7\Slash{}103\Slash{}automotive-group}


1. \href{http://www.sikorsky.com/Pages/AboutSikorsky/Locations.aspx}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.sikorsky.com\Slash{}Pages\Slash{}AboutSikorsky\Slash{}Locations.aspx}


1. \href{http://www.vestguard.com/contact-us.html}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.vestguard.com\Slash{}contact-us.html}


1. \href{http://www.vestguard.com/about-us.html}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.vestguard.com\Slash{}about-us.html}


1. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}\href{http://www.caat.org.uk/resources/mapping/organisation-tag/2434}{caat.org.uk\Slash{}resources\Slash{}mapping\Slash{}organisation-tag\Slash{}2434}

\chapter{Part 8: Companies complicit in repression in Kurdistan}

\section{Companies involved in dams: AndritZ: a companyprofile}


Austrian company Andritz Hydro, headquartered in Graz, is supplying the electro-mechanical equipment for the Ilısu dam in a contract worth 340 million Euros.


Andritz briefly suspended its plans to supply equipment after international government funding (through export credit guarantees) stopped in 2009 due to pressure from the international campaign. But the company announced its renewed commitment to the project in June 2010.1 It had taken over the shares ofthe other European companies, Alstom and Züblin.


Andritz is a multinational company with a global reach that is also causing environmental destruction through its involvement in hydro dam projects in Peru, Brazil and Laos. On top of that, Andritz Group is involved in the production ofpulp and paper and has been criticised for causing deforestation and the destruction ofnative people's heritage in Tasmania through its involvement in the Tamar Valley Pulp Mill project.2


[image]


Previous page: Hasankeyf. By Musa Geçit, Wikimedia Commons

\section{in brief: other companies involved in the ilisu and cizre dams}


Since 2007, Turkish company Nurol Construction and Trade has been heading the consortium ofcompanies involved in the Ilısu dam. Nurol Construction and Trade is part of the industrial conglomerate Nurol Holding, which owns a number ofcompanies including Sheraton Turkey and Nurol Makina, an arms company which produces military vehicles and water cannons. Nurol is also in two joint ventures with British company BAE systems.


Malamira, a Turkish company headquartered in Ankara, is a subcontractor which organises the workers for the construction site ofthe Ilısu dam. It took over from the companies that pulled out after attacks on the dam by the PKK during 2014.


Malamira is contracted by Cengiz Inşaat, a Turkish company which is currently involved in the construction oftwo other dams in Bakur.3 Cengiz Inşaat is owned by Cengiz Holding. It is also constructing the new airport in Istanbul and a controversial gold and copper mining project in the Artvin region ofthe Black Sea. In February 2016, Cengiz was ordered to temporarily halt construction ofthe mine after around 3,000 people demonstrated against the project. Cengiz Holding's chiefexecutive, Mehmet Cengiz, is believed to be a close ally of President Erdoğan.


Finance for the Ilısu dam is coming from Turkish banks Halkbank, AKBank and Garanti Bank.


Zorlu Energy, part ofZorlu Holding headquartered in Istanbul, has just won the tender for the Cızre Dam.4


The Ilısu dam project is overseen by the Turkish General Directorate ofState Hydraulic Works (DSI).

\section{mining companies}


Condor Blanco Mines


Since 2014, Condor Blanco Mines has had a contract with Turkish company Meskan Ölmez Madencılık to deliver material extracted from Şırnak Province. The company reported in 2015 that an initial dig had extracted 53 tonnes oflead and silver from the region.7 We interviewed Ahmet, an activist from the area, who said:


“These mining companies operate without any law. They burn trees, they use chemicals that pollute the Zap river, kill the fish, they use explosives and destroy the environment. They need the military bases for security, so they can carry on doing this. We hope that people outside Kurdistan can resist against these mining companies from their countries”.


Founded: 2010


Traded on: Australian Securities Exchange


Headquarters: Suite 805, Level 8, Castlereagh Street, Sydney, Australia, NSW-2000 Website: \href{http://www.condormines.com/}{www.condormines.com}


Koza İpek


Koza İpek Holding owns a large portfolio ofcompanies, which include insurance, health, TV and newspaper companies. Koza İpek also owns several mining companies, which have been involved in mining in Bakur, including close to Batman.5


Koza İpek has been targeted by the AKP because ofits links to the rival Islamic Gülen movement. In September 2015, several ofKoza İpek's businesses were raided and placed under the control ofa panel ofpro government trustees, causing shares in Koza Anadolu Metal to drop in price.6


Founded: 1948 Traded on: Istanbul Stock Exchange Headquarters: Turkey Website: \href{http://www.kozaipekholding.com/}{www.kozaipekholding.com}

\section{fracking}


Shell


The Anglo-Dutch oil and gas giant began exploring for shale gas in the province ofAmed in


2012.8 Shell is in partnership with the state owned oil company TPAO. People in the nearby city ofFarqîn (Silvan in Turkish) told us that they had tried to organise local people against fracking, but that the companies were trying to convince people that it would be beneficial to the area. Batman ecology assembly told us: “The gas that’s coming from the rocks should stay there. We know that it’s harming the environment. The Mesopotamian Ecology Movement have done a couple ofprotests around fracking.”


Turkey’s shale oil and gas reserves are estimated to be among the top 40 countries in the world.9 Turkey is seen as a safer bet for shale oil investors because ofthe lack ofregulation of the industry. Olgu Okumuş, a lecturer in energy diplomacy wrote for Al Monitor:


“Environmental concerns that comprise the main barriers in Europe to hydraulic fracturing (fracking)


— which have already prompted a ban in France — do not present a challenge in Turkey, making the situation somewhat safer for shale investors.”


[image]

\section{End notes}


\begin{enumerate}[1.]
\item\relax 
\href{http://www.andritz.com/en/gr-news-detail?id=5679}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.andritz.com\Slash{}en\Slash{}gr-news-detail?id=5679}



\item\relax 
\href{http://www.banktrack.org/show/dodgydeals/gunns\_pulp\_mill\_tasmania\#tab\_dodgydeals\_companies}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.banktrack.org\Slash{}show\Slash{}dodgydeals\Slash{}gunns\_pulp\_mill\_tasmania\#tab\_dodgydeals\_companies}



\item\relax 
\href{http://www.cengiz-insaat.com.tr/en-us/Activities/Dam-Power-Plants/Pages/default.aspx}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.cengiz-insaat.com.tr\Slash{}en-us\Slash{}Activities\Slash{}Dam-Power-Plants\Slash{}Pages\Slash{}default.aspx}



\item\relax 
\href{http://www.digplanet.com/wiki/Cizre\_Dam}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.digplanet.com\Slash{}wiki\Slash{}Cizre\_Dam}



\item\relax 
\href{http://kozametal.com.tr/dev/home.html}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}kozametal.com.tr\Slash{}dev\Slash{}home.html}



\item\relax 
\href{http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-01/turkish-police-raid-gulen-linked-koza-ipek-on-terrorism-charges}{\texttt{http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-01/turkish-police-raid-gulen-linked-koza-ipek-on-terrorism-charges}} and \href{https://cpj.org/2015/10/cpj-condemns-turkish-raids-takeover-of-critical-ko.php}{\texttt{https://cpj.org/2015/10/cpj-condemns-turkish-raids-takeover-of-critical-ko.php}}



\item\relax 
\href{http://condormines.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/Half\_Year\_results\_2015\_0.pdf}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}condormines.com\Slash{}sites\Slash{}default\Slash{}files\Slash{}pdfs\Slash{}Half\_Year\_results\_2015\_0.pdf}



\item\relax 
\href{http://seekingalpha.com/article/846871-shell-to-explore-shale-gas-in-turkey}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}seekingalpha.com\Slash{}article\Slash{}846871-shell-to-explore-shale-gas-in-turkey}



\item\relax 
\href{http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/10/turkey-shale-oil-tpao-gas.html\#ixzz47S6d6UsW}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}www.al-monitor.com\Slash{}pulse\Slash{}originals\Slash{}2013\Slash{}10\Slash{}turkey-shale-oil-tpao-gas.html\#ixzz47S6d6UsW}




\end{enumerate}
\section{Tourism}


“If I were a tourist I wouldn’t come to this country. People can protest against Turkish Airlines\dots{} This is a state airline. People can boycott and protest against state products and companies, not the civilian ones. I think this can have an effect.”


- Botan Şanstêrk, whose village was burnt down by the Turkish military when he was a child

\section{Turkish Airlines: a company profile}


Turkish Airlines (Türk Hava Yolları - THY) was founded in 1933 as a department of the Ministry of


Defence. In 1938 it became part of the Ministry of Transportation. Since 2004, it has been gradually privatised with the state now owning just under half of the shares in the company.


There are rumours that there may be another round of privatisation soon. However, the company's 'mission' states that it will maintain “its identity as the flag carrier ofthe Republic of Turkey in the civil air transportation industry.”1


Connections with the AKP


THY's board ofdirectors is deeply connected to Erdoğan’s AKP government. Erdoğan's lawyer, Arzu Akalın, is on the board ofdirectors ofTHY. Many ofthe founders and trustees of the AKP linked Ensar Foundation are also on the board ofTHY.2 The Ensar Foundation is an Islamic educational charity that has close ties to the AKP and became a topic ofdebate this year because ofthe child rapes in its institutions by teachers. According to journalist Onur Erem:


“İsmail Cenk Dilberoğlu, one ofthe founders ofEnsar, is on the Board ofDirectors ofTurkish Airlines. Abdurrahman Kayapınar, another founder ofEnsar, is on the Board ofDirectors ofTurkish Ground Services, which is owned by THY. Kayapınar is also the lawyer for Kadir Topbaş, AKP's long time Istanbul mayor who is still in office. ŞerefKazancı, another founder ofEnsar, is the vice-president of THYCargo.”


Turkish Airlines basic information


Headquarters: Istanbul Revenue: \$10.22 billion (2015) 3


Profit: \$1.069 (2015)4


Ownership: 49.12\% owned by the government ofTurkey. 50.88\% ofshares are publicly traded


Founded in: 1933


Traded on: Istanbul Stock Exchange International Presence: Flies to 108 countries 5


Number ofemployees: 18,667 (2013)6


Addresses: A list ofoffices can be found at \href{http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-}{www.turkishairlines.com\Slash{}en-} int\Slash{}corporate\Slash{}sales-office\Slash{}offices


Website: \href{http://www.turkishairlines.com/}{www.turkishairlines.com}

\section{Resistance}


In the 1990s, during the Turkish military's burning ofthousands ofKurdish villages in Bakur, Kurdish people called for action against Turkish Airlines. In 1993, during a day of action, a Turkish Airlines of ice in Bonn was firebombed and an of ice in London was targeted.7 More recently, in November 2015 an action was held in Italy against the company. According to Insurrection News:


“One hundred rainbow balaclava-clad activists from social centres in the north-east converged on Venice Airport and temporarily blockaded the Turkish Airlines ticket ofice and check-in and spray-painted it with slogans. The action lasted for over an hour. The demonstrators marched through the airport with Kurdistan flags and a large “Stop Erdoğan’s Terror” banner. A megaphone was used to make passengers and airport workers aware ofwhy it is important to boycott Turkish business interests in Italy and all companies who cooperate with them. The action was intended to show solidarity with the Kurdish people who in recent months have been the target ofcriminal acts by the Turkish government led by Erdoğan.”


Demonstrations were also held at London's Heathrow airport last year.

\section{End notes}


1. \href{http://investor.turkishairlines.com/en/turkishairlines/vision-mission}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}investor.turkishairlines.com\Slash{}en\Slash{}turkishairlines\Slash{}vision-mission}


1. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}graphcommons.com\Slash{}graphs\Slash{}eb5af8a7-e9ea-466d-a0ff-5e746e1060a4\Slash{}selection\Slash{}1cabed5d-8858- dddc-0022-2c0e0d5f9304 \href{http://investor.turkishairlines.com/documents/ThyInvestorRelations/download/finansal/2015\_12\_Mon}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}investor.turkishairlines.com\Slash{}documents\Slash{}ThyInvestorRelations\Slash{}download\Slash{}finansal\Slash{}2015\_12\_Mon} ths\_Financial\_Report\_USD.pdf 4.\href{http://investor.turkishairlines.com/documents/ThyInvestorRelations/download/finansal/2015\_12\_Mon}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}investor.turkishairlines.com\Slash{}documents\Slash{}ThyInvestorRelations\Slash{}download\Slash{}finansal\Slash{}2015\_12\_Mon} ths\_Financial\_Report\_USD.pdf 5.\href{http://investor.turkishairlines.com/documents/ThyInvestorRelations/download/yillik\_raporlar/2014\_A}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}investor.turkishairlines.com\Slash{}documents\Slash{}ThyInvestorRelations\Slash{}download\Slash{}yillik\_raporlar\Slash{}2014\_A} nnual\_Report\_EN.pdf, page 10. 6.\href{http://nvestor.turkishairlines.com/documents/ThyInvestorRelations/download/icerikler/turkish\_airlin}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}nvestor.turkishairlines.com\Slash{}documents\Slash{}ThyInvestorRelations\Slash{}download\Slash{}icerikler\Slash{}turkish\_airlin} es\_fact\_sheet\_eng\_ver1.pdf


1. https:\Slash{}\Slash{}\href{http://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P2-32837403/kurds-smash-burn-turkish-businesses-treatment-}{www.questia.com\Slash{}newspaper\Slash{}1P2-32837403\Slash{}kurds-smash-burn-turkish-businesses-treatment-} of

\chapter{Part 9: act in solidaritywith the people of kurdistan}


IT's time for the broader left to laythe same groundwork [as the communes \& academies ofrojava], so when an occupy- type momentpresents itself we'll beableto pave the way to real change.


- Debbie Bookchin, daughter of murray bookchin, speaking at the universityof sussex in april 2016

\section{SOLIDARITYWITH PRISONERS}


Ex -prisoners and human rights organisations have asked for activists outside ofTurkey and Kurdistan to make people aware ofthe situation for Kurdish prisoners.


They asked people to help them campaign:


For the release ofsick prisoners - According to the Istanbul branch ofthe Human Rights Association (IHD), more than 600 prisoners are sick and 220 are so sick they should be released according to law. Many prisoners die in prison because they are unable to access proper treatment. For example, According to the IHD, Mehmet Cappole died in prison in 2015. He had already served 20 years and should have been released due to his poor health. Similarly, Abdullay Okçay died ofcancer in prison last year. He should have been released too.


For the end of'Weighted\Slash{}Aggravated life imprisonment' - When the death penalty was abolished in Turkey, as part ofthe programme of'harmonisation' with the policies ofthe European Union, sentences ofaggravated life imprisonment were introduced. These sentences allow for a longer period ofimprisonment. People given sentences of'aggravated life imprisonment' are overwhelmingly political prisoners and are subjected to a catalogue of other repressive measures such as restrictions on visitors, time outside oftheir cell and isolation.


For an end to child imprisonment - The IHD reported 444 detentions ofchildren during 2014. A recent report revealed that fifteen year old Onur Önal died after a beating by other inmates in Maltepe prison in Istanbul in 2014. He had been imprisoned alongside people convicted of sexual crimes.


For the release ofAbdullah Öcalan - Many Kurdish organisations and ex-prisoners asked people outside Kurdistan to campaign for the release ofÖcalan, the leader ofthe PKK who was arrested in 1999 and given a death sentence, which was later reduced to life imprisonment. They also asked people to campaign against Öcalan's isolation. In the UK, the Peace in Kurdistan campaign is supporting the campaign to free Öcalan (\href{http://peaceinkurdistancampaign.com/resources/abdullah-ocalan/free-ocalan/\%29}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}peaceinkurdistancampaign.com\Slash{}resources\Slash{}abdullah-ocalan\Slash{}free-ocalan\Slash{}).}


According to a campaign statement:


Öcalan is indispensable to resolving the Turkish-Kurdish conflict. But he cannot fulfil this role from prison, due to the onerous conditions and the extremely restricted communication he is at present entirely cut offfrom the outside world.


For solidarity with the families ofprisoners - On top ofbeing separated from their loved ones, these families endure financial hardship. Kurdish prisoners are transported into prisons in western Turkey, far away from their families. Their families are often unable to pay for travel to visit their relatives. According to Işmail, head ofTAY-DER:


90\% ofthese prisoners are from very poor families and they need help. For example, one prisoner I know is from Wan [close to the border with Iran] but they sent him to prison 1800 km away, so the family can’t afford the tickets and they cannot see their son.


For an end to torture in prison - The ex-prisoners we spoke to told us ofwidespread torture including beatings, sexual violence, suffocation and psychological torture. In 2014, the IHD reported 22 documented cases oftorture in prisons during 2014. The number of undocumented cases is, ofcourse, likely to be much higher.


For solidarity from lawyers and legal organisations outside Kurdistan - Many people we spoke to stressed the importance ofsolidarity from lawyers and legal organisations who could help with individual cases, advocate for changes in the law and\Slash{}or write legal opinions on the situation for Kurdish prisoners.


Kurdish prisoner solidarity groups and ex-prisoners have asked for people outside ofKurdistan to launch joint campaigns with them to highlight these issues.

\section{solidaritywith Kobanê}


There are dif erent ways in which activists and social movements can act in solidarity with the people of Kobanê.


Firstly, pressure can be put on the governments ofTurkey and Iraqi Kurdistan to lift the restrictions on the borders to allow reconstruction materials and workers, humanitarian supplies and volunteers through. Ameena Oseh, the Deputy Vice President ofForeign Body ofRojava's Cizîrê canton, told us:


We need everyone to put more pressure on Turkey to open the border crossing. In general, the best thing for us is political pressure, and acknowledgement ofour self-administration.


And according to Heval Dostar:


We need activists to help. You can hold seminars and raise awareness. Activists can use their own websites and make campaigns. You can demonstrate in front ofthe Turkish embassy in your country calling for them to open a humanitarian corridor. Maybe we can also organise an international 'Open a Humanitarian Corridor Day'. The important thing is to do it consistently and continuously.


The people ofKobanê are also calling for


expert volunteers to come to Kobanê and share their knowledge and skills. Heyva Sor a Kurd in Kobanê told us that they need surgeons for children, skin doctors and all kinds ofspecialists. We were also told that there are a lack offour-wheel drive ambulances in Rojava that can traverse off- road at the front-line and in the rural areas.


Ameena Oseh said:


We need your help in rebuilding and reconstructing Kobanê. The YPG and YPJ are fighting Daesh on behalfofthe world. It is your responsibility, and the responsibility ofthe world, to help us. You can help us with constructing schools and supplying health experts. We need ambulances, doctors, experts, medicines. We need medical experts to help treat people.


Dostar continued:


We need architects that can help redesign the city to make it more ecological. We need engineers to help with the water pipelines. We need all kinds ofdoctors and healthcare workers, including those who can give educational programs on first aid and other basic health care. We need psychologists, especially to support women and children. We need gynaecologists to provide services to women. We need support in vaccinations. We need mine clearance people. We have at least 50 villages that are mined and because ofthis people cannot return to them or do agriculture. You can contact us at the Kobanê Reconstruction Board ifyou want to help.


We were told that skilled volunteers would be welcome even ifthey cannot speak


Kurmanji or Arabic, and that local people would help them to learn Kurmanji.


However, ifvolunteers want to offer psychological support to people in Kobanê then they should have the language skills required to connect with the people they are supporting.


Giving solidarity to Kobanê is one way to support people in Rojava's radical new struggle for real democracy and autonomy. It is an experiment that has not gone far enough. For example, the majority ofpeople in Rojava still have no say over the military policy and alliances formed by the armed forces. But within Rojava, people are organising themselves in confederations of communes and local assemblies. Anti- capitalist and feminist ideas are flourishing, which have the capacity to truly transform society. All ofthis is happening within the context ofa bloody war for existence.


The YPJ and YPG are currently fighting on several fronts against Daesh. The US, Russia and other capitalist and imperialist powers may have found themselves temporarily fighting the same enemy as the people of Rojava, but it is not in their interest for the radical ideas within Rojava's ongoing revolution to succeed and expand. That is one reason why there has been a deafening silence from governments over support for Kobanê and the setting up ofa humanitarian corridor. Another reason is the determination ofthe Turkish government not to allow Kurdish autonomy along its borders. It is up to grassroots social movements to support the reconstruction ofthe city and to show solidarity with the people ofRojava's attempts to democratise society.


The Kobane Reconstruction Board told us that unskilled international volunteers could be a burden for them, but other groups in Kobanê, such as the Yekîtiya Star women's movement and the Democratic Youth Union said that they would welcome the chance to make better connections with international activists who wanted to learn more about social movements in Rojava.


From outside Kurdistan, grassroots activists can organise fundraising events to raise money and awareness about the situation and campaign for an end to the siege ofRojava and a humanitarian corridor.

\section{other ways to act in solidarity}


Tryto better understand and raise awareness of the movements for autonomy in Kurdistan


Make better connections with people struggling for liberation in Kurdistan


Make connections with Kurdish activists living in your community


support the crowdfunder for an organic agriculture initiative in Rojava: coopfunding.net\Slash{}en\Slash{}campaigns\Slash{}feed-the-revolution


Campaign for Turkey \& the Kurdish Regional Government of Iraqi Kurdistan to open the borders and lift the siege of Rojava


Raise awareness of the oppression of Kurdish people in Turkey Oppose companies that manufacture arms to sell to Turkey


oppose the granting of arms export licenses bythe UK government to Turkey


Campaign for a boycott of tourism in Turkey until the violence and discrimination against Kurdish people ends


Support the campaign to aid residents of besieged Kurdish provinces. Go to bit.ly\Slash{}1NPF76G


Support the struggle against Turkey's Ilısu dam. For more information go to hasankeyfgirisimi.net


Take action against mining companies complicit in ecological destruction in Kurdistan


Join the demonstrations against the DSEI arms fair in London in 2017. Visit caat.org.uk and stopthearmsfair.org.uk

\section{links}


JINHA Women's News Agency: jinha.com.tr\Slash{}en DIHA News Agency: diclehaber.com\Slash{}en


ANF News: anfenglish.com Kurdish Info: kurdishinfo.com


Kurdish Question: kurdishquestion.com


Peace in Kurdistan (UK): peaceinkurdistancampaign.com Initiative to Keep HasankeyfAlive: hasankeyfgirisimi.net ROAR: roarmag.org


Corporate Watch: corporatewatch.org


Janet Biehl: biehlonbookchin.com (Janet's articles about her two visits to Rojava are also published by ROAR, Kurdish Question and New Compass)


Joris Leverink: joris.lever.ink (articles by Joris can also be found on TeleSur and ROAR) Zaher Baher: zaherbaher.com (articles by Zaher are also published on libcom)


Onur Erem: onurerem.com (articles by Onur can also be found on Bir Gün)


Yannis and Meral in Roboski: barisicinaktivite.com - a website with contributions from Yannis and Meral


Kurdish Solidarity Network: kurdishsolidaritynetwork.wordpress.com


The KSN runs an email discussion list for activists, primarily based in the UK, to share information about solidarity activism. Ifyou'd like to join the list or have questions about visiting Kurdistan, email \href{mailto:kurdishsolidaritynetwork@riseup.net}{kurdishsolidaritynetwork@riseup.net}


Revolutionary Anarchist Action (DAF): anarsistfaaliyet.org Human Rights Association (Turkey): en.ihd.org.tr


Rojava plan: rojavaplan.com


Kobanê Reconstruction Board: helpkobane.com


Heyva Sor a Kurdistanê medical service: heyvasor.com\Slash{}en 26a anarchist cafe and social centre, Istanbul: kolektif26a.org


Mesopotamian Ecology Movement: mezopotamyaekolojihareketi.org


Plan C: weareplanc.org (Based in the UK, Plan C currently has a Rojava working group) New World Summit: newworldsummit.eu


Tatort Kurdistan: \href{http://tatortkurdistan.blogsport.de/}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}tatortkurdistan.blogsport.de\Slash{}}


Cooperative Economy in Rojava and Bakur: cooperativeeconomy.info Tahrir International Collective Network: tahriricn.wordpress.com


Conscientious Objectors' Association in Turkey and Bakur: \href{http://vicdaniret.org/}{http:\Slash{}\Slash{}vicdaniret.org\Slash{}}


War Resisters' International: wri-irg.org (a good source ofinformation about conscientious objectors in Turkey)


Campaign Against Arms Trade: caat.org.uk


Stop the Arms Fair: stopthearmsfair.org.uk (coalition ofgroups opposing the DSEI arms fair in London)


Inside back cover photos:


1. Destruction in Sur district ofAmed in Bakur, Photo provided by Diyarbakır Metropolitan Municipality.


1. Women in Rojava on a march for International Women's Day carrying Abdullah Öcalan flags, March 2015. Photo by Jo Magpie.


1. Sitting behind the barricades in Farqîn, Bakur, in 2015. Photo provided by friends in Farqîn.


1. The countryside close to Wan lake, Photo by Corporate Watch, July 2015.


1. Kobanê city in November Photo by Brighton Kurdish Solidarity.


1. Hasankeyfand the Tigris river in Bakur, set to be flooded by the Ilısu Photo by Omer Unlu, Wikimedia Commons.


Back cover photo:


Women march on International Women's Day, March 2015. Photo by Ali Kanea.


[image] [image]


[image] [image]


[image] [image]


Kurdistan is currently divided between four countries: Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey. In each of the parts of Kurdistan, Kurdish people have had their identities and cultures repressed for generations. this book gathers together first-hand accounts of the struggles for a new society taking place in Bakur and Rojava - the parts of Kurdistan within the borders of Turkey and Syria.


The setting up of local assemblies and co-operatives, as well as radical women's and ecological movements, are rapidly gathering momentum in Kurdistan. this book gives a simple introduction to democratic confederalism, the idea that has inspired many of those involved in these movements.


the book also compiles accounts from Kurdish people who are oppressed by the turkish state and profiles some of the companies that are complicit in their repression. the interviews give suggestions of how people outside of kurdistan can act in solidarity.


“Kurdish people have been in struggle for a long time. We have a long rebellion against capitalism and the state but unfortunately people in europe don’t know Kurdish struggles like they do the Palestinian or Zapatista struggles. We need democratic, socialist, anarchist and autonomist people to cooperate with Kurdish people against the colonialist, imperialist and fascist powers.”


- activist in bakur


ISBN 978-1-907738-21-0


©2016 Corporate Watch, under a Creative Commons Attribution license: creativecommons.org\Slash{}licenses\Slash{}by\Slash{}3.0\Slash{}


British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data


A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library


Front cover photo: Youths explore the devastation left by Turkey's military and police in the city ofFarqîn in 2015. Photo provided by friends in Farqîn.


Map of Kurdistan: This map was made with the collaborative input ofmembers ofthe Kurdish Community Centre in Harringey and was collated and illustrated by Mia Gubbay. It is based on ongoing dialogues surrounding cultural geographical interpretations ofthe region and thus, might be better viewed as a moment rather than a conclusion. Mia has been working on a longstanding counter-mapping project with London based Kurdish participants.


Contact Mia Gubbay: \href{mailto:miarivkagubbay@gmail.com}{miarivkagubbay@gmail.com}









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The Ted K Archive





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Eliza Egret \& Tom Anderson

Struggles for Autonomy in Kurdistan



13 July 2016


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